一、形而上学 Metaphysics
| 问题 (中文) | Question (English) | 代表哲学家回答 (中文) | Representative Answers (English) |
| 什么是存在？ | What is being/existence? | 柏拉图：存在的是理念。亚里士多德：存在就是实体。海德格尔：应追问存在的意义。 | Plato: True being is the realm of Ideas. Aristotle: Being is substance. Heidegger: Philosophy must ask about the meaning of Being. |
| 世界有本原吗？ | Is there a first principle/origin? | 泰勒斯：水是本原。黑格尔：绝对精神是本原。道家：道生万物。 | Thales: Water is the origin. Hegel: Absolute Spirit is the origin. Daoism: The Dao is the source of all. |
| 时间和空间是什么？ | What are time and space? | 牛顿：绝对存在。康德：先验直观形式。爱因斯坦：相对时空。 | Newton: Absolute entities. Kant: A priori forms of intuition. Einstein: Relativistic space-time. |
| 因果关系是真实的吗？ | Is causality real? | 亚里士多德：自然秩序。休谟：心理习惯。康德：先验范畴。 | Aristotle: Natural necessity. Hume: Habit of association. Kant: A priori category. |
| 什么是意识？ | What is consciousness? | 笛卡尔：我思故我在。胡塞尔：意识是意向的。丹尼特：进化出的功能幻觉。 | Descartes: Cogito, ergo sum. Husserl: Consciousness is intentionality. Dennett: An evolved functional illusion. |
| 什么是自我/人格？ | What is the self/personhood? | 洛克：记忆连续性。康德：纯粹理性主体。佛教：无我。 | Locke: Memory and continuity. Kant: Pure rational subject. Buddhism: No-self, only aggregates. |
| 什么是自由意志？ | What is free will? | 斯宾诺莎：自由即认识必然。康德：自由是实践理性基础。萨特：人注定是自由的。 | Spinoza: Freedom is recognizing necessity. Kant: Freedom grounds practical reason. Sartre: Man is condemned to be free. |
二、认识论 Epistemology
| 问题 (中文) | Question (English) | 代表哲学家回答 (中文) | Representative Answers (English) |
| 我们能够获得确定的知识吗？ | Can we attain certain knowledge? | 笛卡尔：理性怀疑后仍可确定。康德：感性+理性范畴。波普尔：科学是可证伪的假说。 | Descartes: Certainty after radical doubt. Kant: Knowledge arises from intuition + categories. Popper: Science is falsifiable conjecture. |
| 真理是什么？ | What is truth? | 亚里士多德：符合论。黑格尔：整体展开。詹姆斯：实用主义。 | Aristotle: Correspondence theory. Hegel: Truth as whole process. James: Pragmatism—truth is what works. |
| 语言与现实的关系是什么？ | What is the relation between language and reality? | 维特根斯坦早期：语言是世界图像。后期：意义是语言游戏。德里达：语言永远延异。 | Wittgenstein (early): Language pictures the world. Wittgenstein (later): Meaning is use. Derrida: Language is différance, never present. |
三、伦理学 Ethics
| 问题 (中文) | Question (English) | 代表哲学家回答 (中文) | Representative Answers (English) |
| 善与恶是什么？ | What are good and evil? | 苏格拉底：善即知识。康德：理性道德律。尼采：价值创造。 | Socrates: Good is knowledge. Kant: Moral law of reason. Nietzsche: Creation of values. |
| 人类应当如何生活？ | How should humans live? | 亚里士多德：德性与幸福。伊壁鸠鲁：快乐与宁静。孔子：仁义礼智。 | Aristotle: Virtue and eudaimonia. Epicurus: Pleasure and tranquility. Confucius: Ren, righteousness, ritual, wisdom. |
四、政治哲学 Political Philosophy
| 问题 (中文) | Question (English) | 代表哲学家回答 (中文) | Representative Answers (English) |
| 正义是什么？ | What is justice? | 柏拉图：各安其职。罗尔斯：公平即正义。尼采：权力关系。 | Plato: Each doing one’s role. Rawls: Justice as fairness. Nietzsche: Justice as power relations. |
| 权力与合法性的区别是什么？ | What distinguishes power from legitimacy? | 马基雅维利：权力是统治技巧。韦伯：合法性来自传统/魅力/法律。福柯：权力通过知识与话语维系。 | Machiavelli: Power is ruling technique. Weber: Legitimacy from tradition/charisma/law. Foucault: Power sustained by knowledge and discourse. |
五、美学 Aesthetics
| 问题 (中文) | Question (English) | 代表哲学家回答 (中文) | Representative Answers (English) |
| 美是什么？ | What is beauty? | 柏拉图：美是理念显现。康德：无目的的合目的性。黑格尔：观念的感性显现。 | Plato: Beauty is the manifestation of Ideas. Kant: Purposiveness without purpose. Hegel: Beauty as sensuous appearance of the Idea. |
六、宗教哲学 Philosophy of Religion
| 问题 (中文) | Question (English) | 代表哲学家回答 (中文) | Representative Answers (English) |
| 宗教信仰与理性兼容吗？ | Are faith and reason compatible? | 阿奎那：和谐。康德：理性限制，留给信仰空间。尼采：宗教是幻象。 | Aquinas: Harmony. Kant: Reason limits, leaving room for faith. Nietzsche: Religion as illusion. |
| 神是否存在？ | Does God exist? | 安瑟伦：本体论证明。康德：道德理性假设。无神论：投射。 | Anselm: Ontological proof. Kant: Moral postulate. Atheists: Projection. |
| 死亡意味着什么？ | What does death mean? | 伊壁鸠鲁：无感受即无痛苦。基督教：复活与审判。海德格尔：向死而在。 | Epicurus: No sensation, no pain. Christianity: Resurrection and judgment. Heidegger: Being-toward-death. |
七、历史与哲学自身 History & Meta-Philosophy
| 问题 (中文) | Question (English) | 代表哲学家回答 (中文) | Representative Answers (English) |
| 人类历史是否有意义？ | Does human history have meaning or purpose? | 黑格尔：历史是自由展开。马克思：阶级斗争。尼采：无目的，只有权力意志。 | Hegel: History as realization of freedom. Marx: Class struggle. Nietzsche: No purpose, only will to power. |
| 哲学的意义是什么？ | What is the meaning of philosophy? | 苏格拉底：未经审视的人生不值得过。马克思：哲学应改造世界。维特根斯坦：澄清思想与语言。 | Socrates: The unexamined life is not worth living. Marx: Philosophy must change the world. Wittgenstein: Philosophy clarifies thought and language. |
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