
英文原文:Analytic of Concepts — Chapter I
The Clue to the Discovery of All Pure Concepts of the Understanding
If we abstract from all content of a judgment, and attend only to the mere form of understanding, we find that the function of thought in a judgment can be brought under four heads, each of which contains three moments.
1. Quantity of Judgments:
• Universal
• Particular
• Singular
2. Quality of Judgments:
• Affirmative
• Negative
• Infinite
3. Relation of Judgments:
• Categorical
• Hypothetical
• Disjunctive
4. Modality of Judgments:
• Problematical
• Assertorical
• Apodeictical
This yields a table of the logical functions of judgment. From this table we are able to derive a corresponding table of the pure concepts of the understanding, or categories.
1. Of Quantity: Unity, Plurality, Totality
2. Of Quality: Reality, Negation, Limitation
3. Of Relation: Inherence and Subsistence (substance and accident), Causality and Dependence (cause and effect), Community (reciprocal interaction)
4. Of Modality: Possibility–Impossibility, Existence–Non-existence, Necessity–Contingency
These concepts are fundamental. They are pure a priori concepts which underlie all possible experience. They cannot be abstracted from experience, but are conditions of its very possibility.
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中文翻译:概念分析论·第一章
关于知性的向导(即纯粹知性概念的发现线索)
如果我们撇开判断的一切内容,只专注于理解力的纯形式,就会发现:思维在判断中的功能,可以归纳为四个方面,每一方面又包含三个契机。
1. 判断的量:
• 全称判断
• 特称判断
• 单称判断
2. 判断的质:
• 肯定判断
• 否定判断
• 无限判断
3. 判断的关系:
• 直言判断
• 假言判断
• 选言判断
4. 判断的模态:
• 或然判断
• 确然判断
• 必然判断
由此得到一张判断的逻辑功能表。在这张表的基础上,我们可以导出与之相对应的纯粹理解力概念表,即范畴:
1. 量:统一、多样、全体
2. 质:实在、否定、限制
3. 关系:内在与依存(实体与属性)、因果与依赖(因与果)、共同体(相互作用)
4. 模态:可能—不可能、存在—不存在、必然—偶然
这些概念是根本性的。它们是先天的纯粹概念,支撑着一切可能经验。它们不是从经验抽取出来的,而是经验之所以可能的条件。
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这一章的关键,就是康德提出了著名的 范畴表 (Table of Categories),它直接来源于 判断的逻辑表。这是《纯粹理性批判》的核心创新之一。
📑 康德的判断表与范畴表
1. 判断表 (Table of Judgments)
康德认为,一切思维都通过“判断”来进行,因此逻辑判断的形式是发现范畴的线索。
他把所有判断分为四大类,每类下有三种形式:
中文版
数量 (Quantity) 普遍判断(Universal) 特殊判断(Particular) 单称判断(Singular) 质 (Quality) 肯定判断(Affirmative) 否定判断(Negative) 无限判断(Infinite) 关系 (Relation) 直言判断(Categorical) 假言判断(Hypothetical) 选言判断(Disjunctive) 模态 (Modality) 可能性—不可能性(Problematic) 存在—不存在(Assertoric) 必然性—偶然性(Apodeictic)
English Version
Quantity: Universal Particular Singular
Quality: Affirmative Negative Infinite
Relation: Categorical Hypothetical Disjunctive
Modality: Problematical (Possibility / Impossibility) Assertorical (Existence / Non-existence) Apodeictical (Necessity / Contingency)
2. 范畴表 (Table of Categories)
康德认为:每一个判断形式都对应一个纯粹的知性概念(即“范畴”)。
于是,12 个判断形式 → 12 个范畴:
中文版
数量 单一性(Unity) 多数性(Plurality) 全体性(Totality) 质 实在性(Reality) 否定性(Negation) 限制性(Limitation) 关系 实体与属性(Inherence and Subsistence, substance and accident) 因果与依存(Causality and Dependence) 相互作用(Community, reciprocity between agent and patient) 模态 可能性—不可能性(Possibility / Impossibility) 存在—不存在(Existence / Non-existence) 必然性—偶然性(Necessity / Contingency)
English Version
Quantity Unity Plurality Totality Quality Reality Negation Limitation Relation Inherence and Subsistence (substance and accident) Causality and Dependence (cause and effect) Community (reciprocity between agent and patient) Modality Possibility / Impossibility Existence / Non-existence Necessity / Contingency
✦ 简短总结
中文:康德通过逻辑判断的表格推导出范畴表。这说明范畴不是凭空假设的,而是理性必然的结构。 English: Kant derives the table of categories from the table of judgments, showing that the categories are not arbitrary but necessarily rooted in the structure of reason.
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