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Geoffrey Chen

Where life, thought, and technology meet

  • Philosophy Notes
    • Roadly Philosophy
    • Philosophical Concepts
    • Western Philosophers
      • Kant
      • Hegel
      • Understanding Philosophy: Figures, Problems, and Ideas
    • Western Philosophy 50 Questions
    • Applied Philosophy
      • How Civilizations Remain Themselves: Series Overview and Reading Map
      • The Future Has No Representative
      • Who Maintains the World?
    • Everyday Philosophy
    • Sustenesis Theory
      • Daily Sustenesis Structure
      • Sustenesis Daily Briefing
      • Sustenesis Research Brief
      • My Philosophy
      • AI Philosophy Observations
  • Mind & Psychology
    • How Everyday Psychology Takes Shape: Season One Overview
    • How Do We Read Other People? — How Everyday Psychology Takes Shape, Season Two
    • Everyday Psychology
  • Reading Notes
    • Daoist Notes
    • Bible Notes
    • Jung’s The Red Book Reading Notes
    • 100 Works of World Literature
    • Modern European History: From Revolution to World War
    • Other Reading Notes
    • Daily Fun with Maths, Physics and Chemistry
    • One Classical Chinese Sentence a Day
    • One Concept a Day
  • Reflections
    • Knowledge Life
    • How a Person Builds a World
    • Toy Memoir
  • AI
    • AI Technology Observations
    • How Digital Life Actually Works
    • Judgment in the Age of AI: 50 Everyday Questions
    • After AI Enters the Workflow
    • Choosing the Right AI Tool
    • Daily AI Observation
    • When Numbers Start Making Decisions — Season One Overview: Life on Either Side of the Threshold
    • AI and the Way People Work
  • Australian Life
    • Australia Life Tools
    • How Australian Systems Work
    • Why Do Australians Say It This Way?
    • One English Sentence a Day
    • Australian Towns
  • Projects
  • Piano
    • Music Listening Notes
    • Hear the Melody
    • Hear the Chord
    • Hear the Voices
    • Piano Theory
    • Piano Sheet Music
    • A Listening Map of 50 Piano Works
    • 88 Pianists
    • Building a Piano Piece: From First Reading to Reliable Performance
    • Hearing Mathematics
    • Notes on Adult Piano Learning
    • Western Music
  • Ear Training
  • A Map of Ideas
  • Ask Geoff
  • Contact Me
  • About

Category: Philosophical Concepts

A curated set of core philosophical concepts explained simply. Each article covers one idea—like truth, consciousness, or free will—its meaning, key debates, and relevance to AI, science, and society, with links for deeper exploration.

Observational Equivalence: Why Identical Appearances Do Not Prove Identical Internals

系统模型, 观察等价, Observational Equivalence, System Models

Is “It Will Rain Tomorrow” Already True or False?

真理, Future Contingents, Necessity, Truth, 必然性, 未来偶然命题

Principal–Agent Problems: Why Can Someone Acting for You Choose Differently?

Incentives, Information Asymmetry, Principal–Agent Problem, 委托—代理问题, 激励, 信息不对称

Does Quoting Someone Remove Responsibility for Spreading Their Words?

言语行为, 责任, Quotation, Responsibility, Speech Acts, 引用

Base Rates: Why Can’t One Striking Clue Determine the Whole Probability?

Base Rates, Probabilistic Reasoning, 基准率, 概率推理

If Your Words Were Accurate but Misunderstood, Who Is Responsible?

Communication, 责任, Responsibility, 沟通

Coverage: Why Don’t a Few Successes Represent Every Case?

Coverage, 覆盖率, Testing, 测试

Is Not Deciding Still a Decision?

Agency, Choice, 选择, 能动性

Second-Order Effects: Why Can Solving One Problem Create Another?

Decision-Making, Second-Order Effects, 决策, 二阶效应

Does Accepting a Risk Mean Consenting to Harm?

Consent, 风险伦理, Risk Ethics, 同意

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