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Geoffrey Chen

Where life, thought, and technology meet

  • Philosophy Notes
    • Roadly Philosophy
    • Philosophical Concepts
    • Western Philosophers
      • Kant
      • Hegel
      • Understanding Philosophy: Figures, Problems, and Ideas
    • Western Philosophy 50 Questions
    • Applied Philosophy
      • How Civilizations Remain Themselves: Series Overview and Reading Map
      • The Future Has No Representative
      • Who Maintains the World?
    • Everyday Philosophy
    • Sustenesis Theory
      • Daily Sustenesis Structure
      • Sustenesis Daily Briefing
      • Sustenesis Research Brief
      • My Philosophy
      • AI Philosophy Observations
  • Mind & Psychology
    • How Everyday Psychology Takes Shape: Season One Overview
    • How Do We Read Other People? — How Everyday Psychology Takes Shape, Season Two
    • Everyday Psychology
  • Reading Notes
    • Daoist Notes
    • Bible Notes
    • Jung’s The Red Book Reading Notes
    • 100 Works of World Literature
    • Modern European History: From Revolution to World War
    • Other Reading Notes
    • Daily Fun with Maths, Physics and Chemistry
    • One Classical Chinese Sentence a Day
    • One Concept a Day
  • Reflections
    • Knowledge Life
    • How a Person Builds a World
    • Toy Memoir
  • AI
    • AI Technology Observations
    • How Digital Life Actually Works
    • Judgment in the Age of AI: 50 Everyday Questions
    • After AI Enters the Workflow
    • Choosing the Right AI Tool
    • Daily AI Observation
    • When Numbers Start Making Decisions — Season One Overview: Life on Either Side of the Threshold
    • AI and the Way People Work
  • Australian Life
    • Australia Life Tools
    • How Australian Systems Work
    • Why Do Australians Say It This Way?
    • One English Sentence a Day
    • Australian Towns
  • Projects
  • Piano
    • Music Listening Notes
    • Hear the Melody
    • Hear the Chord
    • Hear the Voices
    • Piano Theory
    • Piano Sheet Music
    • A Listening Map of 50 Piano Works
    • 88 Pianists
    • Building a Piano Piece: From First Reading to Reliable Performance
    • Hearing Mathematics
    • Notes on Adult Piano Learning
    • Western Music
  • Ear Training
  • A Map of Ideas
  • Ask Geoff
  • Contact Me
  • About

Category: Philosophical Concepts

A curated set of core philosophical concepts explained simply. Each article covers one idea—like truth, consciousness, or free will—its meaning, key debates, and relevance to AI, science, and society, with links for deeper exploration.

Can Destroying Nature Be Wrong Without Harming Humans?

环境伦理, Environmental Ethics

Abduction: Why the Best Explanation Can Still Be Wrong

Abduction, 溯因推理

Does Subjective Taste Leave Nothing to Discuss?

Aesthetic Judgement, 审美判断

Types and Tokens: Why Is the Same Kind Not the Same Individual?

类型与实例, Types and Tokens

Does Open-Mindedness Mean Giving Every View Equal Weight?

Open-Mindedness, Virtue Epistemology, 德性认识论, 思想开放

Excludability: Why Is Restricting Access Not the Same as Scarcity?

Excludability, Public Goods, 公共品, 排他性

Why Does an Algorithmic Decision Not Automatically Have Authority?

Algorithmic Authority, 算法权威, Legitimacy, 正当性

Common Knowledge: Why Is It Not Enough That Everyone Knows?

Common Knowledge, Coordination, 共同知识, 协调

Does Speaking Anonymously Reduce Responsibility for What Is Said?

Anonymity, 言论自由, Freedom of Speech, 匿名

Observational Equivalence: Why Identical Appearances Do Not Prove Identical Internals

系统模型, 观察等价, Observational Equivalence, System Models

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