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Geoffrey Chen

Where life, thought, and technology meet

  • Philosophy Notes
    • Philosophical Concepts
    • Western Philosophers
      • Kant
      • Hegel
      • Understanding Philosophy: Figures, Problems, and Ideas
    • Western Philosophy 50 Questions
    • Applied Philosophy
      • How Civilizations Remain Themselves: Series Overview and Reading Map
      • The Future Has No Representative
      • Who Maintains the World?
    • Everyday Philosophy
    • Sustenesis Theory
      • Daily Sustenesis Structure
      • Sustenesis Daily Briefing
      • Sustenesis Research Brief
      • My Philosophy
      • AI Philosophy Observations
  • Mind & Psychology
    • How Everyday Psychology Takes Shape: Season One Overview
    • How Do We Read Other People? — How Everyday Psychology Takes Shape, Season Two
    • Everyday Psychology
  • Reading Notes
    • Daoist Notes
    • Bible Notes
    • Jung’s The Red Book Reading Notes
    • 100 Works of World Literature
    • Modern European History: From Revolution to World War
    • Other Reading Notes
    • Daily Fun with Maths, Physics and Chemistry
    • One Classical Chinese Sentence a Day
    • One Concept a Day
  • Reflections
    • Knowledge Life
    • How a Person Builds a World
    • Toy Memoir
  • AI
    • AI Technology Observations
    • How Digital Life Actually Works
    • Judgment in the Age of AI: 50 Everyday Questions
    • After AI Enters the Workflow
    • Choosing the Right AI Tool
    • Daily AI Observation
    • When Numbers Start Making Decisions — Season One Overview: Life on Either Side of the Threshold
    • AI and the Way People Work
  • Australian Life
    • How Australian Systems Work
    • Why Do Australians Say It This Way?
    • One English Sentence a Day
    • Australian Towns
  • Projects
  • Piano
    • Piano Sheet Music
    • A Listening Map of 50 Piano Works
    • 88 Pianists
    • Building a Piano Piece: From First Reading to Reliable Performance
    • Hearing Mathematics
    • Notes on Adult Piano Learning
    • Western Music
  • A Map of Ideas
  • Ask Geoff
  • Contact Me
  • About

Category: Philosophical Concepts

A curated set of core philosophical concepts explained simply. Each article covers one idea—like truth, consciousness, or free will—its meaning, key debates, and relevance to AI, science, and society, with links for deeper exploration.

Do You Still Know After Forgetting the Original Reason?

Epistemology of Memory, 记忆认识论, Justification, 正当化

Mediation: How Does a Cause Reach an Outcome?

Causal Mechanisms, Mediation, 因果机制, 中介

Do We Owe Others an Explanation for Every Decision?

Autonomy, 自主, Justification, 正当化

Dependency: Why Does Having a Capability Not Mean It Is Always Available?

系统思维, Dependency, Systems Thinking, 依赖

Does Humility Mean Thinking Less of Yourself?

自我评价, 谦卑, Humility, Self-Assessment

Coordination Cost: Why Doesn’t Adding More Participants Always Speed Up Collaboration?

Collaboration, Coordination Cost, 协调成本, 协作

Must a Promise Made Under Threat Be Kept?

Coercion, Promises, 强迫, 承诺

Transaction Costs: Why Is the Price Not the Whole Cost of Exchange?

Exchange, Transaction Costs, 交换, 交易成本

Why Can Two Sincere People Still Disagree Morally?

道德分歧, Metaethics, Moral Disagreement, 元伦理学

Duality: Why Can One Problem Have Two Translatable Forms?

Conceptual Structure, Duality, Optimisation, 对偶性, 概念结构, 优化

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