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Geoffrey Chen

Where life, thought, and technology meet

  • Philosophy Notes
    • Roadly Philosophy
    • Philosophical Concepts
    • Western Philosophers
      • Kant
      • Hegel
      • Understanding Philosophy: Figures, Problems, and Ideas
    • Western Philosophy 50 Questions
    • Applied Philosophy
      • How Civilizations Remain Themselves: Series Overview and Reading Map
      • The Future Has No Representative
      • Who Maintains the World?
    • Everyday Philosophy
    • Sustenesis Theory
      • Daily Sustenesis Structure
      • Sustenesis Daily Briefing
      • Sustenesis Research Brief
      • My Philosophy
      • AI Philosophy Observations
  • Mind & Psychology
    • How Everyday Psychology Takes Shape: Season One Overview
    • How Do We Read Other People? — How Everyday Psychology Takes Shape, Season Two
    • Everyday Psychology
  • Reading Notes
    • Daoist Notes
    • Bible Notes
    • Jung’s The Red Book Reading Notes
    • 100 Works of World Literature
    • Modern European History: From Revolution to World War
    • Other Reading Notes
    • Daily Fun with Maths, Physics and Chemistry
    • One Classical Chinese Sentence a Day
    • One Concept a Day
  • Reflections
    • Knowledge Life
    • How a Person Builds a World
    • Toy Memoir
  • AI
    • AI Technology Observations
    • How Digital Life Actually Works
    • Judgment in the Age of AI: 50 Everyday Questions
    • After AI Enters the Workflow
    • Choosing the Right AI Tool
    • Daily AI Observation
    • When Numbers Start Making Decisions — Season One Overview: Life on Either Side of the Threshold
    • AI and the Way People Work
  • Australian Life
    • Australia Life Tools
    • How Australian Systems Work
    • Why Do Australians Say It This Way?
    • One English Sentence a Day
    • Australian Towns
  • Projects
  • Piano
    • Music Listening Notes
    • Hear the Melody
    • Hear the Chord
    • Hear the Voices
    • Piano Theory
    • Piano Sheet Music
    • A Listening Map of 50 Piano Works
    • 88 Pianists
    • Building a Piano Piece: From First Reading to Reliable Performance
    • Hearing Mathematics
    • Notes on Adult Piano Learning
    • Western Music
  • Ear Training
  • A Map of Ideas
  • Ask Geoff
  • Contact Me
  • About

Category: Philosophical Concepts

A curated set of core philosophical concepts explained simply. Each article covers one idea—like truth, consciousness, or free will—its meaning, key debates, and relevance to AI, science, and society, with links for deeper exploration.

If the Bus Has Always Been on Time, Why Not Tomorrow?

David Hume, Induction, 大卫·休谟, 归纳

Opportunity Cost: What Does ‘Free’ Leave Out?

Opportunity Cost, 机会成本

Does Explaining an Action Justify It?

行动理由, Justification, Reasons for action, 正当化

Sampling: When Can a Small Part Tell Us About the Whole?

Representativeness, Sampling, 抽样, 代表性

Why Is Compromise More Than Taking the Midpoint?

Compromise, Practical Reason, 妥协, 实践理性

Locality: Why Is Nearby Information Often Used Again?

Information Access, Locality, 局部性, 信息访问

Are You Responsible If You Forgot What You Promised?

道德责任, 遗忘, Forgetting, Moral Responsibility

Confluence: Why Can Different Paths Still Reach the Same Result?

Confluence, 重写系统, Rewriting Systems, 合流性

Can a Team Know What No Member Knows Alone?

Collective Knowledge, 社会认识论, 集体知识, Social Epistemology

Cancellability: Why Should a Started Process Still Be Stoppable?

Cancellability, 过程设计, Process Design, 可取消性

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