{"id":7762,"date":"2025-06-26T19:58:15","date_gmt":"2025-06-26T09:58:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/?p=7762"},"modified":"2026-04-08T09:30:03","modified_gmt":"2026-04-07T23:30:03","slug":"whoarechinese","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/whoarechinese\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5230\u5e95\u8c01\u662f\u4e2d\u56fd\u4eba\uff1fWho exactly is considered Chinese?"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Who Really Counts as Chinese?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This question can also be reversed: What kind of person can truly be considered Chinese?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Let\u2019s begin with the simple legal definition: a person holding Chinese nationality is legally a Chinese citizen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But what about those who emigrate abroad? Are they still Chinese?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

That depends on their post-migration status. If they move abroad but do not adopt foreign nationality, they retain Chinese citizenship and are thus legally Chinese. However, because China does not recognize dual nationality, anyone who becomes a naturalized citizen of another country automatically loses Chinese citizenship and, by law, ceases to be Chinese.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In practice, though, the Chinese government often still treats those born in China but later naturalized elsewhere as if they retain Chinese nationality. This suggests a degree of ambiguity in the legal application.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But law is rigid; there\u2019s not much room for debate there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

From a cultural perspective, who qualifies as a Chinese person? What cultural traits should a Chinese person embody?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

China is a unified country composed of many ethnic groups, and \u201cChinese culture\u201d is a concept that encompasses diversity. But if we are to define \u201cwho is Chinese\u201d based on cultural identity, the key lies in whether a person embodies the core spirit of Zhonghua culture, not just the surface expressions of Chinese culture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zhonghua culture refers to a civilizational tradition with deep historical continuity\u2014one that transcends the boundaries of the modern nation-state. Since the New Culture Movement, there has been ongoing debate over what exactly constitutes Zhonghua culture. Yet in everyday life, people often rely on common sense: someone who speaks Chinese, eats Chinese food, observes traditional festivals, and draws spiritual grounding from Confucianism, Buddhism, or Daoism is typically recognized as \u201cculturally Chinese.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The term \u201ctraditional culture\u201d here does not refer narrowly to the policies or borders of today\u2019s China. Instead, it points to a millennia-old cultural lineage that has shaped the identity of the Chinese people and forms the deeper core of what we call Zhonghua culture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So, does that make Mark Rowswell (Dashan), a Canadian fluent in Mandarin and Chinese comedy, a Chinese person?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We all know Dashan is legally Canadian. But culturally, he may be \u201cmore Chinese\u201d than many native-born Chinese citizens. He speaks flawless Mandarin, authentic Beijing dialect, performs cross-talk (\u76f8\u58f0), and recently I watched him recite classical Chinese poetry with deep emotion and artistry. He\u2019s not just culturally Chinese\u2014he might make many Henan, Shandong, or Guangdong locals question their own Chineseness by comparison.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So how do I determine whether someone is truly Chinese?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

First, they must follow the law\u2014this is non-negotiable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

But within the bounds of legality, I lean toward judging a person by their cultural identity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Let\u2019s take the novel Moment in Peking as an example. Its author, Lin Yutang, first wrote it in English and only later translated it into Chinese. So\u2014what nationality was Lin Yutang?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Here we touch on the subtle connection between language and culture. Even if someone\u2019s native language isn\u2019t Chinese, their works\u2014if grounded in deep Chinese life experience\u2014can still be thoroughly Chinese in spirit. Lin\u2019s novel, written in English, depicts profoundly Chinese stories. Without intimate knowledge of Chinese society, he could never have written it with such depth and subtlety.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So even if he hadn\u2019t translated it into Chinese, Lin Yutang would still be unmistakably Chinese.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact, Lin\u2019s own cultural and spiritual inclinations are clearly mirrored in the novel. The character Yao Sze-an, Mulan\u2019s father, is a classic example of an Eastern sage\u2014reflecting Lin\u2019s efforts to share Eastern wisdom and life philosophy with the West. Through Yao\u2019s figure, Lin aimed to present a Taoist-Confucian blend: laid-back yet pragmatic. Yao Sze-an essentially represents Lin\u2019s ideal personality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Every father in the world worries most about his daughter. Later in the novel, Yao wanders the world like a Taoist recluse, facing life\u2019s affairs with philosophical clarity. His detachment isn\u2019t apathy\u2014it stems from a deeper, broader love. What appears calm and aloof is in fact more profound and embracing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The late historian Yu Ying-shih once said, \u201cWhere I am, there is China.\u201d He refused to return to modern China because he didn\u2019t want to tarnish the image of China he cherished.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lin Yutang and Yu Ying-shih, both steeped in both Eastern and Western traditions, are outstanding representatives of the Chinese overseas. They are, in every sense, genuine, authentic Chinese.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Conversely, are people living in mainland China necessarily Chinese? If you say you are Chinese, have you read the Four Books and Five Classics? You only know how to eat zongzi\u2014have you ever read Li Sao? Can you recognize traditional Chinese characters? Can you write Chinese calligraphy? If you\u2019re afraid to help an elderly person who has fallen, then not only are you unworthy of being called a Chinese, you might not even qualify as a human being. Would the proportion of such people really be less than ninety percent?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chiang Kai-shek once said a blunt phrase: \u201cIf our culture is lost, then damn it, everything is lost!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If judged by the standards of traditional culture, perhaps only a few truly are.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So, if you try to define a person\u2019s identity solely based on where they live, you\u2019re not just being na\u00efve\u2014you\u2019re missing the point entirely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Before ending this essay, there\u2019s one more interesting question:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Should Yu Ying-shih be considered an American?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In fact, in countries that recognize dual citizenship, this isn\u2019t even a question. And in multicultural nations, it\u2019s even less of an issue. Many Chinese people find it difficult to break free from an exclusive, binary mode of thinking\u2014perhaps that, too, is a characteristic of being Chinese.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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