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of Clairvaux\uff0c1090&#8212;1153\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u7231\u4e0a\u5e1d\u300b\uff08On Loving 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Alighieri\uff0c1265&#8212;1321\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u795e\u66f2\u300b\u4e2d\u5c06\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e4b\u7231\u3001\u7075\u9b42\u7684\u51c0\u5316\u548c\u795e\u5723\u79e9\u5e8f\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u5929\u5802\u7bc7\u300b\u7ed3\u5c3e\u4ee5&#8221;\u63a8\u52a8\u592a\u9633\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u7fa4\u661f\u7684\u7231&#8221;\u63cf\u8ff0\u7ec8\u6781\u7684\u795e\u5723\u539f\u5219\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u90e8\u8bd7\u4e2d\uff0c\u7231\u65e2\u53ef\u4ee5\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u4eba\u95f4\u7684\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u6307\u5411\u7075\u9b42\u4e0e\u795e\u5723\u79e9\u5e8f\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u4e01\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u5c5e\u4e8e\u517c\u5177\u6587\u5b66\u3001\u795e\u5b66\u4e0e\u54f2\u5b66\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u8bd7\u6b4c\u8868\u8fbe\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u4e00\u5957\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e94\u3001\u5b8b\u660e\u5112\u5b66\u4e2d\u5173\u4e8e\u4ec1\u7231\u7684\u53d1\u5c55<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6731\u71b9\uff1a\u4ec1\u662f\u7231\u4e4b\u7406\u3001\u5fc3\u4e4b\u5fb7<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6731\u71b9\uff081130&#8212;1200\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u8bed\u96c6\u6ce8\u300b\u4e2d\u89e3\u91ca&#8221;\u4ec1&#8221;\u4e3a&#8221;\u7231\u4e4b\u7406\uff0c\u5fc3\u4e4b\u5fb7&#8221;\u3002\u5728\u300a\u4ec1\u8bf4\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u53c8\u5c06\u4ec1\u4e0e\u5929\u5730\u751f\u751f\u4e0d\u606f\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6731\u71b9\u533a\u5206\u4ec1\u7684\u6839\u672c\u6839\u636e\u4e0e\u4ec1\u5728\u5177\u4f53\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u8868\u73b0\u3002\u7231\u4eba\u3001\u607b\u9690\u7b49\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f53\u73b0\u4ec1\uff0c\u4f46\u4ec1\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e00\u6b21\u60c5\u611f\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u4ec1\u8fd8\u6d89\u53ca\u4f7f\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u6000\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u539f\u5219\u53ca\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u6027\u4fee\u517b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ec1\u7231\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4e8b\u7269\u4e4b\u7406\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u4e2a\u4eba\u4fee\u517b\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f26\u7406\u5b9e\u8df5\u5f97\u5230\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u5bf9\u4eb2\u4eba\u7684\u7231\u4e0e\u5bf9\u5176\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u6000\uff0c\u5904\u4e8e\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u800c\u53c8\u5177\u6709\u5dee\u522b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u738b\u9633\u660e\uff1a\u4e00\u4f53\u4e4b\u4ec1\u4e0e\u826f\u77e5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u738b\u9633\u660e\uff081472&#8212;1529\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u5927\u5b66\u95ee\u300b\u7b49\u6587\u672c\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba&#8221;\u4e07\u7269\u4e00\u4f53\u4e4b\u4ec1&#8221;\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5927\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u628a\u5929\u5730\u4e07\u7269\u770b\u4f5c\u4e0e\u81ea\u8eab\u76f8\u5173\u7684\u4e00\u4f53\uff0c\u56e0\u800c\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u751f\u547d\u7684\u635f\u4f24\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5f15\u53d1\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u5173\u5207\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u738b\u9633\u660e\u4ee5\u770b\u5230\u513f\u7ae5\u5c06\u8981\u843d\u4e95\u65f6\u4ea7\u751f\u607b\u9690\u3001\u770b\u5230\u9e1f\u517d\u54c0\u9e23\u65f6\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u5fcd\u7b49\u60c5\u5f62\uff0c\u8bf4\u660e\u4ec1\u5e76\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u5916\u5728\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u89c4\u5b9a\uff0c\u8fd8\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u5fc3\u548c\u826f\u77e5\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u738b\u9633\u660e\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ec1\u7231\u4e0e\u826f\u77e5\u7684\u5448\u73b0\u53ca\u5b9e\u9645\u884c\u52a8\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u77e5\u4e0e\u884c\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u5b8c\u5168\u5206\u79bb\uff1b\u5bf9\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eba\u5904\u5883\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u5728\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u843d\u5b9e\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u516d\u3001\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u4e0e\u8fd1\u4ee3\u65e9\u671f\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u7231<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u9a6c\u5c14\u897f\u5229\u5965\u00b7\u8d39\u5947\u8bfa\uff1a\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u5f0f\u7231\u7684\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u91ca<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8d39\u5947\u8bfa\uff08Marsilio Ficino\uff0c1433&#8212;1499\u5e74\uff09\u662f\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u65f6\u671f\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u65b0\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u3002\u4ed6\u5728\u5bf9\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u300a\u4f1a\u996e\u7bc7\u300b\u7684\u8bc4\u6ce8\u300a\u8bba\u7231\u300b\uff08De 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Montaigne\uff0c1533&#8212;1592\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u968f\u7b14\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u516b\u7bc7\u300a\u8bba\u53cb\u8c0a\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u56de\u5fc6\u4ed6\u4e0e\u62c9\u535a\u57c3\u897f\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u53cb\u8c0a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8499\u7530\u533a\u5206\u4e86\u666e\u901a\u4ea4\u5f80\u3001\u57fa\u4e8e\u5229\u76ca\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u6781\u4e3a\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u53cb\u8c0a\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u6df1\u539a\u7684\u53cb\u8c0a\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u7528\u67d0\u9879\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u67d0\u79cd\u4f18\u70b9\u6216\u67d0\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u7406\u7531\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4f55\u7231\u8fd9\u4f4d\u670b\u53cb\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u7559\u4e0b\u4e86\u8457\u540d\u7684\u8868\u8fbe\uff1a&#8221;\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u662f\u4ed6\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u662f\u6211\u3002&#8221;\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u5f3a\u8c03\u7684\u662f\u7279\u5b9a\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e00\u5957\u53ef\u4ee5\u673a\u68b0\u590d\u5236\u7684\u4ea4\u53cb\u6807\u51c6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u970d\u5e03\u65af\uff1a\u7231\u4e0e\u6b32\u671b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u970d\u5e03\u65af\uff08Thomas Hobbes\uff0c1588&#8212;1679\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u5229\u7ef4\u5766\u300b\u7b2c\u516d\u7ae0\u8ba8\u8bba\u4eba\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5\u3001\u6b32\u671b\u548c\u538c\u6076\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u8d8b\u5411\u67d0\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u6b32\u6c42\uff0c\u56de\u907f\u67d0\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u538c\u6076\u3002\u7231\u4e0e\u6b32\u6c42\u7d27\u5bc6\u76f8\u8fde\uff0c\u6240\u7231\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u901a\u5e38\u662f\u4eba\u6240\u6b32\u6c42\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u5bf9\u7231\u6ca1\u6709\u91c7\u53d6\u8131\u79bb\u6b32\u671b\u673a\u5236\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u7cbe\u795e\u5b9e\u4f53\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u4ed6\u628a\u7231\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4eba\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u3001\u503e\u5411\u3001\u5feb\u4e50\u4e0e\u75db\u82e6\u7b49\u5fc3\u7406\u548c\u8eab\u4f53\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\uff1a\u7231\u662f\u4f7f\u7075\u9b42\u613f\u610f\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\uff08Ren\u00e9 Descartes\uff0c1596&#8212;1650\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u7075\u9b42\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5\u300b\u7b2c\u4e03\u5341\u4e5d\u6761\u4e2d\uff0c\u660e\u786e\u8ba8\u8bba\u7231\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u5c06\u7231\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u7075\u9b42\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5\uff1a\u5f53\u5bf9\u8c61\u663e\u5f97\u9002\u5408\u81ea\u5df1\u6216\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u6709\u76ca\u65f6\uff0c\u7075\u9b42\u53d7\u5230\u63a8\u52a8\uff0c\u613f\u610f\u4e0e\u8fd9\u4e00\u5bf9\u8c61\u7ed3\u5408\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u7684&#8221;\u7ed3\u5408&#8221;\u5e76\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u662f\u8eab\u4f53\u4e0a\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u662f\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0a\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u770b\u4f5c\u67d0\u79cd\u6574\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u8fd8\u533a\u5206\u7231\u4e0e\u6b32\u671b\u3002\u7231\u6d89\u53ca\u5bf9\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\u548c\u7ed3\u5408\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u6b32\u671b\u5219\u66f4\u591a\u6d89\u53ca\u5bf9\u672a\u6765\u83b7\u5f97\u67d0\u7269\u6216\u907f\u514d\u67d0\u79cd\u635f\u5931\u7684\u671f\u5f85\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u4e5f\u8ba8\u8bba\u7231\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u5f3a\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7684\u5dee\u522b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u7231\u5982\u4f55\u53d7\u5230\u4eba\u7684\u5224\u65ad\u5f71\u54cd\u3002\u7231\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u8eab\u4f53\u673a\u5236\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f46\u5176\u5177\u4f53\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u610f\u4e49\u53c8\u6d89\u53ca\u7075\u9b42\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0e\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\uff1a\u7231\u662f\u4f34\u968f\u5916\u5728\u539f\u56e0\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u5feb\u4e50<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\uff08Baruch Spinoza\uff0c1632&#8212;1677\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\u5206&#8221;\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49&#8221;\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u7231\u7ed9\u51fa\u660e\u786e\u754c\u5b9a\uff1a\u7231\u662f\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u5916\u5728\u539f\u56e0\u89c2\u5ff5\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u5feb\u4e50\u6307\u4eba\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u80fd\u529b\u5411\u8f83\u5927\u5b8c\u5584\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7684\u8fc7\u6e21\u3002\u5f53\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4f53\u9a8c\u5230\u5feb\u4e50\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u8fd9\u79cd\u5feb\u4e50\u5f52\u56e0\u4e8e\u67d0\u4e2a\u5916\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u65f6\uff0c\u5c31\u5f62\u6210\u4e86\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u7231\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e49\u628a\u7231\u653e\u5728\u4eba\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u56e0\u679c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u7231\u7684\u53d1\u751f\u4e0e\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u4f53\u9a8c\u81ea\u8eab\u72b6\u6001\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u5f62\u6210\u5173\u4e8e\u539f\u56e0\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u7b2c\u4e94\u90e8\u5206\u8fd8\u8ba8\u8bba&#8221;\u5bf9\u795e\u7684\u7406\u667a\u4e4b\u7231&#8221;\uff08amor Dei intellectualis\uff09\u3002\u5b83\u4e0e\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e2a\u5177\u4f53\u5bf9\u8c61\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u65e5\u5e38\u60c5\u611f\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u6d89\u53ca\u5fc3\u7075\u901a\u8fc7\u5145\u5206\u8ba4\u8bc6\u800c\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\uff1a\u7231\u662f\u4ee5\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u4e3a\u5feb\u4e50<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\uff08Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz\uff0c1646&#8212;1716\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u6709\u5173\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u3001\u6b63\u4e49\u548c\u4ec1\u7231\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u628a\u7231\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u4ee5&#8221;\u5728\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u5feb\u4e50&#8221;\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u7231\uff1a\u7231\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u90a3\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u672c\u8eab\u80fd\u591f\u6210\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5feb\u4e50\u6765\u6e90\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u89e3\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u4ec5\u4ec5\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u65b9\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u4f9b\u5229\u76ca\u800c\u559c\u6b22\u5bf9\u65b9\u3002\u88ab\u7231\u8005\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u5e76\u975e\u5355\u7eaf\u5b9e\u73b0\u7231\u8005\u5176\u4ed6\u76ee\u6807\u7684\u5de5\u5177\uff0c\u800c\u6210\u4e3a\u7231\u8005\u5173\u5207\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u8fd8\u5c06\u8fd9\u79cd\u7231\u4e0e\u4ec1\u7231\u3001\u6b63\u4e49\u4ee5\u53ca\u5bf9\u666e\u904d\u5584\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e03\u3001\u542f\u8499\u65f6\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u7231<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4f11\u8c1f\uff1a\u7231\u662f\u4e0e\u89c2\u5ff5\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u540c\u60c5\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u4f11\u8c1f\uff08David Hume\uff0c1711&#8212;1776\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u4eba\u6027\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5377\u8ba8\u8bba\u7231\u4e0e\u6068\u7b49\u6fc0\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f11\u8c1f\u628a\u7231\u4e0e\u6068\u5f52\u5165&#8221;\u95f4\u63a5\u6fc0\u60c5&#8221;\uff0c\u5206\u6790\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60c5\u611f\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u8c61\u3001\u76f8\u5173\u89c2\u5ff5\u4ee5\u53ca\u5feb\u4e50\u548c\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u5370\u8c61\u5f62\u6210\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u54c1\u683c\u3001\u884c\u4e3a\u6216\u4e0e\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u53c2\u4e0e\u7231\u4e0e\u6068\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f11\u8c1f\u8fd8\u8ba8\u8bba&#8221;\u540c\u60c5&#8221;\uff08sympathy\uff09\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u673a\u5236\uff1a\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u5904\u5883\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u4e0e\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u60c5\u611f\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002\u8fd9\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u89e3\u91ca\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u4f20\u9012\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c\u4f11\u8c1f\u5e76\u672a\u7b80\u5355\u5730\u628a\u7231\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u540c\u60c5\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u7231\u3001\u6068\u3001\u9a84\u50b2\u3001\u8c26\u5351\u548c\u540c\u60c5\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u5206\u6790\u5176\u5f62\u6210\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e9a\u5f53\u00b7\u65af\u5bc6\uff1a\u540c\u60c5\u4e0e\u76f8\u4e92\u60c5\u611f\u8ba4\u540c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4e9a\u5f53\u00b7\u65af\u5bc6\uff08Adam Smith\uff0c1723&#8212;1790\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u60c5\u64cd\u8bba\u300b\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u540c\u60c5\u3001\u4eb2\u7231\u548c\u4eba\u9645\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u56de\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u4f7f\u7528\u7684&#8221;\u540c\u60c5&#8221;\uff08sympathy\uff09\u4e0d\u53ea\u6307\u5bf9\u75db\u82e6\u7684\u601c\u60af\uff0c\u8fd8\u5305\u62ec\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u60f3\u8c61\u8fdb\u5165\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5904\u5883\uff0c\u5e76\u5bf9\u5176\u5feb\u4e50\u3001\u60b2\u4f24\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u60c5\u7eea\u4ea7\u751f\u67d0\u79cd\u5171\u540c\u611f\u53d7\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u65af\u5bc6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4eba\u4f1a\u4ece\u4ed6\u4eba\u7406\u89e3\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u4e2d\u83b7\u5f97\u6ee1\u8db3\u3002\u60c5\u611f\u4e0a\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u8ba4\u540c\uff0c\u662f\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u4ed6\u4e5f\u8ba8\u8bba\u5bb6\u5ead\u6210\u5458\u3001\u670b\u53cb\u548c\u719f\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4eb2\u7231\u5982\u4f55\u53d7\u5230\u5171\u540c\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u4e60\u60ef\u53ca\u5b9e\u9645\u5173\u6000\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u60c5\u64cd\u8bba\u300b\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u90e8\u4e13\u95e8\u4e3a\u7231\u4e0b\u5b9a\u4e49\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u5173\u4e8e\u4eb2\u7231\u3001\u5171\u60c5\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5362\u68ad\uff1a\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u81ea\u7231\u3001\u601c\u60af\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u5c0a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8ba9-\u96c5\u514b\u00b7\u5362\u68ad\uff08Jean-Jacques Rousseau\uff0c1712&#8212;1778\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u4eba\u7c7b\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u8d77\u6e90\u548c\u57fa\u7840\u300b\u300a\u7231\u5f25\u513f\u300b\u7b49\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u533a\u5206&#8221;\u81ea\u7231&#8221;\uff08amour de soi\uff09\u4e0e&#8221;\u81ea\u5c0a\u5fc3&#8221;\u6216&#8221;\u6bd4\u8f83\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u6211\u4e4b\u7231&#8221;\uff08amour-propre\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u81ea\u7231\u4e0e\u4fdd\u5b58\u81ea\u8eab\u751f\u547d\u3001\u6ee1\u8db3\u57fa\u672c\u9700\u8981\u6709\u5173\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u5305\u542b\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u7ade\u4e89\u3002\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u7684\u81ea\u5c0a\u5219\u6d89\u53ca\u4eba\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u6bd4\u8f83\u3001\u5bfb\u6c42\u627f\u8ba4\u3001\u5728\u610f\u5730\u4f4d\u548c\u8bc4\u4ef7\u7b49\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5362\u68ad\u8fd8\u628a\u601c\u60af\u89c6\u4e3a\u4eba\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u81ea\u7136\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u9762\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u5fcd\u3002\u968f\u7740\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u4e5f\u53d8\u5f97\u66f4\u590d\u6742\uff0c\u7231\u60c5\u3001\u5ac9\u5992\u3001\u865a\u8363\u4e0e\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u8bc4\u4ef7\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u90fd\u53ef\u80fd\u51fa\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5362\u68ad\u5bf9\u7231\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u72b6\u6001\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5316\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u4eba\u683c\u5f62\u6210\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5eb7\u5fb7\uff1a\u60c5\u611f\u6027\u7684\u7231\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u6027\u7684\u7231<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4f0a\u66fc\u52aa\u5c14\u00b7\u5eb7\u5fb7\uff08Immanuel Kant\uff0c1724&#8212;1804\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u5960\u57fa\u300b\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u300b\u7b49\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u533a\u5206\u60c5\u611f\u6027\u7684\u7231\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u6027\u7684\u7231\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u60c5\u611f\u6027\u7684\u7231\u6d89\u53ca\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7136\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u597d\u611f\u3001\u4eb2\u8fd1\u548c\u60c5\u7eea\u503e\u5411\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u611f\u60c5\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f9d\u9760\u610f\u5fd7\u547d\u4ee4\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u6cd5\u5219\u4e0d\u80fd\u76f4\u63a5\u8981\u6c42\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u51ed\u610f\u5fd7\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u4ea7\u751f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u4eb2\u5bc6\u611f\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b9e\u8df5\u6027\u7684\u7231\u5219\u4f53\u73b0\u5728\u884c\u52a8\u539f\u5219\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u51fa\u4e8e\u9053\u5fb7\u4e49\u52a1\u800c\u5e2e\u52a9\u4ed6\u4eba\u3001\u4fc3\u8fdb\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5408\u7406\u76ee\u7684\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u5728\u80fd\u529b\u8303\u56f4\u5185\u884c\u5584\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5373\u4f7f\u6ca1\u6709\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u4eb2\u8fd1\u611f\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u591f\u6309\u7167\u4e49\u52a1\u91c7\u53d6\u5173\u6000\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u300a\u9053\u5fb7\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u300b\u7684\u5fb7\u6027\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u5eb7\u5fb7\u8fd8\u8ba8\u8bba\u4ec1\u7231\u3001\u611f\u6069\u3001\u540c\u60c5\u548c\u5c0a\u91cd\u7b49\u4e49\u52a1\u3002\u4ed6\u533a\u5206\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u7231\u4e0e\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u4e8c\u8005\u89c6\u4e3a\u4eba\u9645\u4f26\u7406\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u800c\u53c8\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u8981\u6c42\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u516b\u3001\u5341\u4e5d\u4e16\u7eaa\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u7231<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\uff1a\u7231\u4e0e\u81ea\u6211\u5728\u4ed6\u8005\u4e2d\u7684\u7edf\u4e00<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\uff08Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel\uff0c1770&#8212;1831\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u65e9\u671f\u5b97\u6559\u4e0e\u4f26\u7406\u624b\u7a3f\u4ee5\u53ca\u300a\u6cd5\u54f2\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u7231\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u300a\u6cd5\u54f2\u5b66\u539f\u7406\u300b\u6709\u5173\u5bb6\u5ead\u7684\u90e8\u5206\uff0c\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u5c06\u7231\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u4f26\u7406\u6027\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u610f\u8bc6\u3002\u4eba\u5728\u5bb6\u5ead\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u518d\u53ea\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u628a\u81ea\u8eab\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5171\u540c\u751f\u6d3b\u770b\u4f5c\u81ea\u8eab\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u5e76\u672a\u7b80\u5355\u6d88\u5931\u3002\u7231\u6d89\u53ca\u4eba\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u8fd9\u4e00\u8054\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7406\u89e3\u81ea\u8eab\u3002\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u5c06\u5a5a\u59fb\u548c\u5bb6\u5ead\u653e\u5728\u4f26\u7406\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5236\u5ea6\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4ed6\u7684\u7231\u8bba\u65e2\u6d89\u53ca\u611f\u60c5\uff0c\u4e5f\u6d89\u53ca\u627f\u8bfa\u3001\u5171\u540c\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u53d4\u672c\u534e\uff1a\u6027\u7231\u4e0e\u7269\u79cd\u5ef6\u7eed\uff0c\u6148\u60b2\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u53d4\u672c\u534e\uff08Arthur Schopenhauer\uff0c1788&#8212;1860\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u8868\u8c61\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u300b\u8865\u7bc7\u4e2d\u7684\u300a\u6027\u7231\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u300b\u4e00\u7ae0\uff0c\u5bf9\u7537\u5973\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u6027\u7231\u4f5c\u51fa\u7279\u6b8a\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4e2a\u4f53\u4f53\u9a8c\u5230\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u5438\u5f15\u4e0e\u7231\u60c5\u6fc0\u60c5\uff0c\u6df1\u5c42\u4e0a\u540c\u751f\u547d\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u7269\u79cd\u5ef6\u7eed\u6709\u5173\u3002\u4eba\u5728\u4e3b\u89c2\u4e0a\u53ef\u80fd\u628a\u67d0\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u89c6\u4e3a\u65e0\u53ef\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u800c\u8fd9\u79cd\u5438\u5f15\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\u53c8\u53d7\u5230\u751f\u6b96\u4e0e\u540e\u4ee3\u7279\u5f81\u7b49\u56e0\u7d20\u7684\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53d4\u672c\u534e\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u56e0\u6b64\u628a\u6240\u6709\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7231\u90fd\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u6027\u6b32\u3002\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u9053\u5fb7\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u300b\u7b49\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5f3a\u8c03\u6148\u60b2\uff08Mitleid\uff09\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u6148\u60b2\u4f7f\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u628a\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u75db\u82e6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u7a81\u7834\u7eaf\u7cb9\u4ee5\u81ea\u8eab\u5229\u76ca\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u8003\u8651\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53d4\u672c\u534e\u5173\u4e8e\u6027\u7231\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0e\u4ed6\u5173\u4e8e\u6148\u60b2\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u5206\u522b\u6d89\u53ca\u4e0d\u540c\u5c42\u6b21\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u8d39\u5c14\u5df4\u54c8\uff1a\u7231\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8def\u5fb7\u7ef4\u5e0c\u00b7\u8d39\u5c14\u5df4\u54c8\uff08Ludwig Feuerbach\uff0c1804&#8212;1872\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u300b\u7b49\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u628a\u5b97\u6559\u89c2\u5ff5\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u548c\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u8131\u79bb\u4ed6\u4eba\u800c\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7eaf\u7cb9\u5b64\u7acb\u4e3b\u4f53\u3002\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u9700\u8981\u548c\u5177\u4f53\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u662f\u7406\u89e3\u4eba\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u65b9\u9762\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8d39\u5c14\u5df4\u54c8\u5c24\u5176\u5173\u6ce8\u5b97\u6559\u4e2d\u7684\u7231\u5982\u4f55\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u76f8\u5173\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u88ab\u8d4b\u4e88\u795e\u5723\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u4eba\u7c7b\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u613f\u671b\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5176\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\uff0c\u7231\u5177\u6709\u628a\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u7684\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u611f\u6027\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u5171\u540c\u751f\u6d3b\u76f8\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14\uff1a\u90bb\u4eba\u4e4b\u7231\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4f26\u7406\u8981\u6c42<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7d22\u4f26\u00b7\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14\uff08S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard\uff0c1813&#8212;1855\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u7231\u7684\u4f5c\u4e3a\u300b\uff08Works of Love\uff0c1847\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u7cfb\u7edf\u8ba8\u8bba\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u7231\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u533a\u5206\u5177\u6709\u504f\u7231\u6027\u8d28\u7684\u60c5\u7231\u3001\u53cb\u8c0a\uff0c\u4e0e\u6307\u5411\u90bb\u4eba\u7684\u7231\u3002\u60c5\u7231\u548c\u53cb\u8c0a\u5f80\u5f80\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u67d0\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3001\u5171\u540c\u5174\u8da3\u6216\u7279\u6b8a\u4eb2\u8fd1\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0a\uff0c\u800c\u90bb\u4eba\u4e4b\u7231\u4e0d\u4ee5\u5bf9\u65b9\u662f\u5426\u4ee4\u4eba\u559c\u7231\u4f5c\u4e3a\u552f\u4e00\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14\u628a\u7231\u90bb\u4eba\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u5b97\u6559\u4f26\u7406\u8981\u6c42\u3002\u7231\u4e0d\u4ec5\u5b58\u5728\u4e8e\u4e2a\u4eba\u5185\u5fc3\u7684\u611f\u89c9\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd8\u9700\u8981\u901a\u8fc7\u884c\u4e3a\u5f97\u5230\u4f53\u73b0\u3002\u4ed6\u7279\u522b\u5f3a\u8c03\u7231\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u6027\u3001\u65e0\u79c1\u7684\u5173\u6000\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u5728\u4e0d\u80fd\u83b7\u5f97\u56de\u62a5\u65f6\u4ecd\u5e94\u627f\u62c5\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u5e76\u672a\u5426\u8ba4\u4eb2\u5bc6\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8ffd\u95ee\u4eba\u5728\u504f\u7231\u4e4b\u5916\u662f\u5426\u8fd8\u80fd\u591f\u5c65\u884c\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\uff1a\u7231\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u80fd\u529b\u53ca\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u7cfb<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5361\u5c14\u00b7\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\uff08Karl Marx\uff0c1818&#8212;1883\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a1844\u5e74\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u624b\u7a3f\u300b\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u4eba\u7684\u611f\u6027\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u5f02\u5316\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u5305\u542b\u5173\u4e8e\u7231\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5728\u8ba8\u8bba\u4eba\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7\u73b0\u5b9e\u751f\u6d3b\u5f97\u5230\u8868\u73b0\u65f6\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u7231\u5e94\u5f53\u4ee5\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6765\u56de\u5e94\u3002\u4ed6\u4e3e\u4f8b\u8bf4\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7231\u522b\u4eba\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7231\u5524\u8d77\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u7231\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u8fd9\u79cd\u7231\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u5c31\u6ca1\u6709\u83b7\u5f97\u671f\u5f85\u7684\u76f8\u4e92\u56de\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bba\u8ff0\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u5173\u4e8e\u4eba\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3001\u5f02\u5316\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u975e\u4e00\u90e8\u4e13\u95e8\u7684\u7231\u60c5\u7406\u8bba\u3002\u5b83\u6d89\u53ca\u60c5\u611f\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u8868\u73b0\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u662f\u5426\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8\u5b9e\u73b0\u76f8\u5e94\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u65af\u56fe\u4e9a\u7279\u00b7\u5bc6\u5c14\uff1a\u4eb2\u5bc6\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u4eba\u683c\u5e73\u7b49<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u65af\u56fe\u4e9a\u7279\u00b7\u5bc6\u5c14\uff08John Stuart Mill\uff0c1806&#8212;1873\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u5987\u5973\u7684\u5c48\u4ece\u5730\u4f4d\u300b\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u5a5a\u59fb\u3001\u4eb2\u5bc6\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5bc6\u5c14\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ee5\u6cd5\u5f8b\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u4e60\u60ef\u7ef4\u6301\u592b\u59bb\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4e0d\u5e73\u7b49\u5730\u4f4d\u3002\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u5a5a\u59fb\u4e2d\u7684\u6743\u529b\u652f\u914d\u4f1a\u9650\u5236\u53cc\u65b9\u4eba\u683c\u7684\u53d1\u5c55\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u4eb2\u5bc6\u3001\u4fe1\u4efb\u4e0e\u5408\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u628a\u8f83\u4e3a\u5e73\u7b49\u7684\u4f34\u4fa3\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u4e2a\u6027\u548c\u5171\u540c\u751f\u6d3b\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u5bc6\u5c14\u5e76\u672a\u7ed9\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u5355\u72ec\u7684\u7231\u4e4b\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u4f46\u4ed6\u660e\u786e\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u7231\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u80fd\u591f\u91c7\u53d6\u4f55\u79cd\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5c3c\u91c7\uff1a\u7231\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u3001\u5360\u6709\u4e0e\u81ea\u6211\u8d85\u8d8a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5f17\u91cc\u5fb7\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u5c3c\u91c7\uff08Friedrich Nietzsche\uff0c1844&#8212;1900\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u5feb\u4e50\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u300b\u300a\u5584\u6076\u7684\u5f7c\u5cb8\u300b\u300a\u67e5\u62c9\u56fe\u65af\u7279\u62c9\u5982\u662f\u8bf4\u300b\u7b49\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u4e0d\u540c\u89d2\u5ea6\u8ba8\u8bba\u7231\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c3c\u91c7\u6ce8\u610f\u5230\uff0c\u7231\u6709\u65f6\u5305\u542b\u5360\u6709\u6b32\u3001\u5ac9\u5992\u3001\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u548c\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u6b32\u671b\u7684\u6295\u5c04\u3002\u4ed6\u8d28\u7591\u4eba\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u603b\u80fd\u51c6\u786e\u8ba4\u8bc6\u81ea\u5df1\u5728\u7231\u4e2d\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u4e5f\u6279\u5224\u4ee5\u666e\u904d\u9053\u5fb7\u8bed\u8a00\u63a9\u76d6\u5177\u4f53\u5fc3\u7406\u52a8\u673a\u7684\u505a\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u540c\u65f6\u8ba8\u8bba\u53cb\u8c0a\u3001\u5bf9\u8fdc\u65b9\u8005\u7684\u7231\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca&#8221;\u547d\u8fd0\u4e4b\u7231&#8221;\uff08amor fati\uff09\u3002\u547d\u8fd0\u4e4b\u7231\u4e3b\u8981\u6307\u5bf9\u81ea\u8eab\u751f\u547d\u53ca\u5176\u7ecf\u5386\u7684\u80af\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e0d\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u5bf9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u7231\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5c3c\u91c7\u6ca1\u6709\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u5957\u5355\u4e00\u7684\u7231\u4e4b\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1b\u4ed6\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u5206\u6563\u5728\u5bf9\u6b32\u671b\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u548c\u751f\u547d\u80af\u5b9a\u7684\u5206\u6790\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7d22\u6d1b\u7ef4\u7ea6\u592b\uff1a\u7231\u60c5\u4e0e\u5bf9\u4ed6\u8005\u72ec\u7279\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u627f\u8ba4<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4fc4\u7f57\u65af\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f17\u62c9\u57fa\u7c73\u5c14\u00b7\u7d22\u6d1b\u7ef4\u7ea6\u592b\uff08Vladimir Solovyov\uff0c1853&#8212;1900\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u7231\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u300b\uff08The Meaning of Love\uff0c1892&#8212;1894\uff09\u4e2d\u4e13\u95e8\u8ba8\u8bba\u7537\u5973\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7231\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u53cd\u5bf9\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4ee5\u751f\u6b96\u529f\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u7231\u60c5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7231\u60c5\u80fd\u591f\u4f7f\u4eba\u8d85\u8d8a\u4ee5\u81ea\u8eab\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\uff0c\u627f\u8ba4\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u800c\u4e0d\u53ef\u66ff\u4ee3\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7d22\u6d1b\u7ef4\u7ea6\u592b\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u7231\u6d89\u53ca\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u7406\u60f3\u5316\u5e76\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u865a\u6784\u7684\u5e7b\u60f3\uff1b\u5b83\u4e0e\u4eba\u8bd5\u56fe\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3001\u80af\u5b9a\u548c\u5b9e\u73b0\u4ed6\u8005\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u4ef7\u503c\u6709\u5173\u3002\u4ed6\u8fd8\u5c06\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\u7f6e\u4e8e\u6709\u5173\u4eba\u683c\u3001\u7edf\u4e00\u548c\u7cbe\u795e\u53d1\u5c55\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e5d\u3001\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e2d\u7684\u7231<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\uff1a\u7231\u4e0e\u529b\u6bd4\u591a\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u673a\u5236<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u897f\u683c\u8499\u5fb7\u00b7\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\uff08Sigmund Freud\uff0c1856&#8212;1939\u5e74\uff09\u662f\u7cbe\u795e\u5206\u6790\u5b66\u7684\u521b\u7acb\u8005\uff0c\u5176\u6709\u5173\u7231\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u4e0e\u54f2\u5b66\u4ea4\u53c9\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u53f2\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u81ea\u604b\u300b\uff081914\uff09\u4ee5\u53ca\u6709\u5173\u6027\u6b32\u7406\u8bba\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e86\u529b\u6bd4\u591a\uff08libido\uff09\u5982\u4f55\u6295\u5411\u81ea\u6211\u6216\u5916\u90e8\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u4ed6\u533a\u5206\u81ea\u604b\u6027\u7684\u7231\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e4b\u7231\uff0c\u5e76\u5206\u6790\u65e9\u671f\u4eb2\u5b50\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u6b32\u671b\u6ee1\u8db3\u548c\u65e0\u610f\u8bc6\u8fc7\u7a0b\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u540e\u6765\u7684\u4eb2\u5bc6\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u300a\u6587\u660e\u53ca\u5176\u7f3a\u61be\u300b\uff081930\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u8fd8\u8ba8\u8bba\u7231\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u7231\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\u503e\u5411\u53c2\u4e0e\u5bb6\u5ead\u53ca\u66f4\u5927\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f17\u6d1b\u4f0a\u5fb7\u5e76\u672a\u628a\u7231\u5b8c\u5168\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u6709\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u5584\u610f\u6216\u9053\u5fb7\u627f\u8bfa\u3002\u4ed6\u5c24\u5176\u5173\u6ce8\u4eba\u81ea\u5df1\u672a\u5fc5\u80fd\u591f\u76f4\u63a5\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7684\u6b32\u671b\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u51b2\u7a81\u548c\u60c5\u611f\u5386\u53f2\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u820d\u52d2\uff1a\u7231\u4f7f\u66f4\u9ad8\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5411\u4eba\u663e\u73b0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u9a6c\u514b\u65af\u00b7\u820d\u52d2\uff08Max Scheler\uff0c1874&#8212;1928\u5e74\uff09\u662f\u4ef7\u503c\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u548c\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\u3002\u5728\u300a\u540c\u60c5\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u4e0e\u5f62\u5f0f\u300b\u300a\u7231\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f\u300b\u7b49\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u7231\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u820d\u52d2\u533a\u5206\u7231\u3001\u540c\u60c5\u3001\u60c5\u611f\u611f\u67d3\u7b49\u73b0\u8c61\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u6df7\u4e3a\u4e00\u8c08\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u53ef\u80fd\u7406\u89e3\u6216\u5171\u540c\u611f\u53d7\u5230\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u75db\u82e6\uff0c\u5374\u672a\u5fc5\u56e0\u6b64\u5c31\u7231\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u820d\u52d2\u770b\u6765\uff0c\u7231\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5177\u6709\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002\u7231\u80fd\u591f\u4f7f\u4eba\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u8eab\u4e0a\u53d1\u73b0\u539f\u5148\u5c1a\u672a\u5145\u5206\u663e\u73b0\u7684\u66f4\u9ad8\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5e76\u63a8\u52a8\u4eba\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4ef7\u503c\u4f5c\u51fa\u56de\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u501f\u7528\u5e76\u53d1\u5c55&#8221;\u7231\u7684\u79e9\u5e8f&#8221;\uff08ordo amoris\uff09\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u6240\u7231\u548c\u6240\u6068\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ca\u5176\u6b21\u5e8f\uff0c\u4e0e\u5176\u4eba\u683c\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u53d6\u5411\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5965\u5c14\u7279\u52a0\u00b7\u52a0\u585e\u7279\uff1a\u7231\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u6301\u7eed\u6307\u5411\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6d3b\u52a8<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u897f\u73ed\u7259\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5965\u5c14\u7279\u52a0\u00b7\u52a0\u585e\u7279\uff08Jos\u00e9 Ortega y Gasset\uff0c1883&#8212;1955\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u7231\u300b\uff08Studies on Love\uff09\u7b49\u6587\u7ae0\u4e2d\u5206\u6790\u7231\u60c5\u3001\u6b32\u671b\u548c\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u533a\u5206\u60f3\u8981\u5360\u6709\u67d0\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6b32\u671b\uff0c\u4e0e\u6301\u7eed\u5173\u6ce8\u5e76\u8d8b\u5411\u6240\u7231\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7231\u3002\u6b32\u671b\u53ef\u80fd\u968f\u7740\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u83b7\u5f97\u800c\u51cf\u5f31\uff0c\u4f46\u7231\u4e0d\u5fc5\u4ee5\u5360\u6709\u7684\u5b8c\u6210\u4f5c\u4e3a\u7ec8\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5965\u5c14\u7279\u52a0\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u7231\u5177\u6709\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u6307\u5411\u6027\uff0c\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u3001\u611f\u53d7\u548c\u5bf9\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u7231\u8005\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u80fd\u56f4\u7ed5\u7279\u5b9a\u5bf9\u8c61\u91cd\u65b0\u7ec4\u7ec7\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u9a6c\u4e01\u00b7\u5e03\u4f2f\uff1a\u7231\u53d1\u751f\u4e8e&#8221;\u6211&#8212;\u4f60&#8221;\u5173\u7cfb\u4e4b\u4e2d<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u9a6c\u4e01\u00b7\u5e03\u4f2f\uff08Martin Buber\uff0c1878&#8212;1965\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u6211\u4e0e\u4f60\u300b\uff08I and Thou\uff0c1923\uff09\u4e2d\u533a\u5206\u4e24\u79cd\u57fa\u672c\u5173\u7cfb\uff1a&#8221;\u6211&#8212;\u5b83&#8221;\u4e0e&#8221;\u6211&#8212;\u4f60&#8221;\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728&#8221;\u6211&#8212;\u5b83&#8221;\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u4e3b\u8981\u628a\u5bf9\u8c61\u4f5c\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3001\u5229\u7528\u3001\u63cf\u8ff0\u6216\u5904\u7406\u7684\u4e8b\u7269\uff1b\u5728&#8221;\u6211&#8212;\u4f60&#8221;\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u4eba\u5219\u4ee5\u76f4\u63a5\u7684\u76f8\u9047\u548c\u56de\u5e94\u9762\u5bf9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5e03\u4f2f\u660e\u786e\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u7231\u5e76\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u67d0\u4e2a\u4eba\u5185\u90e8\u62e5\u6709\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u611f\u60c5\uff0c\u800c\u4e0e&#8221;\u6211&#8221;\u548c&#8221;\u4f60&#8221;\u4e4b\u95f4\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u6709\u5173\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u7231\u4e0e\u8d23\u4efb\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5bf9&#8221;\u4f60&#8221;\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u56de\u5e94\u5305\u542b\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u6027\u7684\u627f\u62c5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0d\u8fc7\uff0c&#8221;\u6211&#8212;\u4f60&#8221;\u5e76\u4e0d\u9650\u4e8e\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7231\u60c5\u3002\u5e03\u4f2f\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u662f\u66f4\u5e7f\u6cdb\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e5f\u5305\u62ec\u4eba\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u3001\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4ee5\u53ca\u4eba\u4e0e\u6c38\u6052\u4e4b&#8221;\u4f60&#8221;\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6881\u6f31\u6e9f\uff1a\u4eb2\u60c5\u4e0e\u4f26\u7406\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u60c5\u611f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6881\u6f31\u6e9f\uff081893&#8212;1988\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u4e1c\u897f\u6587\u5316\u53ca\u5176\u54f2\u5b66\u300b\u300a\u4e2d\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u8981\u4e49\u300b\u7b49\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f20\u7edf\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u60c5\u611f\u751f\u6d3b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u4e2d\u56fd\u793e\u4f1a\u7684\u8bb8\u591a\u5173\u7cfb\u4ee5\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u4eb2\u5c5e\u548c\u719f\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u8054\u7cfb\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u91cd\u89c6\u60c5\u611f\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u4ed6\u628a\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4eb2\u60c5\u3001\u76f8\u4e92\u4f53\u8c05\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u4e49\u52a1\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6881\u6f31\u6e9f\u6ca1\u6709\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u4ee5\u8986\u76d6\u6240\u6709\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7231\u7684\u7edf\u4e00\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u76f8\u5173\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e3b\u8981\u6d89\u53ca\u60c5\u611f\u5728\u4eba\u4f26\u79e9\u5e8f\u548c\u6587\u5316\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u897f\u8499\u5a1c\u00b7\u8587\u4f9d\uff1a\u7231\u4e0e\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u73b0\u5b9e\u5904\u5883\u7684\u6ce8\u610f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u897f\u8499\u5a1c\u00b7\u8587\u4f9d\uff08Simone Weil\uff0c1909&#8212;1943\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u7b49\u5f85\u4e0a\u5e1d\u300b\u300a\u91cd\u529b\u4e0e\u6069\u5178\u300b\u53ca\u5176\u4ed6\u6587\u7a3f\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u7231\u3001\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u548c\u5bf9\u53d7\u82e6\u8005\u7684\u5173\u6000\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5979\u91cd\u89c6&#8221;\u6ce8\u610f&#8221;\uff08attention\uff09\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u6000\u8981\u6c42\u4eba\u6682\u65f6\u653e\u4e0b\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u60f3\u8c61\u3001\u671f\u5f85\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u8ba4\u771f\u770b\u89c1\u5bf9\u65b9\u5b9e\u9645\u5904\u4e8e\u600e\u6837\u7684\u5883\u51b5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5979\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u90bb\u4eba\u7684\u7231\u4e0e\u5bf9\u795e\u7684\u7231\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u7231\u5e76\u4e0d\u53ea\u8868\u73b0\u4e3a\u70ed\u70c8\u7684\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u4e5f\u6d89\u53ca\u5bf9\u4ed6\u8005\u73b0\u5b9e\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u627f\u8ba4\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u9762\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u75db\u82e6\u65f6\u4e0d\u56de\u907f\u7684\u6001\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u8482\u5229\u5e0c\uff1a\u7231\u662f\u8d8b\u5411\u91cd\u65b0\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u52a8\u529b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u8482\u5229\u5e0c\uff08Paul Tillich\uff0c1886&#8212;1965\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u7231\u3001\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u6b63\u4e49\u300b\uff08Love, Power, and Justice\uff0c1954\uff09\u4e2d\u63d0\u51fa\uff0c\u7231\u662f\u63a8\u52a8\u5206\u79bb\u8005\u8d8b\u5411\u91cd\u65b0\u7ed3\u5408\u7684\u52a8\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8482\u5229\u5e0c\u4ece\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u548c\u795e\u5b66\u89d2\u5ea6\u7406\u89e3\u8fd9\u4e00\u547d\u9898\u3002\u7231\u6240\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u4eba\u4e0e\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u4eb2\u8fd1\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5206\u79bb\u3001\u5173\u8054\u548c\u7edf\u4e00\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u540c\u65f6\u8ba8\u8bba\u7231\u3001\u6743\u529b\u4e0e\u6b63\u4e49\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6982\u5ff5\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u4e2d\u5f7c\u6b64\u5173\u8054\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u51ed\u65e5\u5e38\u60c5\u7eea\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u57c3\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u5f17\u6d1b\u59c6\uff1a\u7231\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9700\u8981\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u80fd\u529b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u57c3\u91cc\u5e0c\u00b7\u5f17\u6d1b\u59c6\uff08Erich Fromm\uff0c1900&#8212;1980\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u7231\u7684\u827a\u672f\u300b\uff08The Art of Loving\uff0c1956\uff09\u4e2d\u7cfb\u7edf\u8ba8\u8bba\u7231\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f17\u6d1b\u59c6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7231\u5e76\u975e\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5076\u7136\u964d\u4e34\u7684\u5f3a\u70c8\u611f\u60c5\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u9700\u8981\u5b66\u4e60\u3001\u8bad\u7ec3\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4ed6\u7279\u522b\u533a\u5206&#8221;\u5760\u5165\u7231\u6cb3&#8221;\u7684\u521d\u59cb\u4f53\u9a8c\u4e0e\u80fd\u591f\u957f\u671f\u7ef4\u6301\u7684\u6210\u719f\u4e4b\u7231\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u6210\u719f\u7684\u7231\u5305\u542b\u56db\u4e2a\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u8981\u7d20\uff1a\u5173\u5fc3\u3001\u8d23\u4efb\u3001\u5c0a\u91cd\u548c\u4e86\u89e3\u3002\u5173\u5fc3\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b9e\u9645\u5173\u6ce8\u6240\u7231\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u751f\u547d\u4e0e\u6210\u957f\uff1b\u8d23\u4efb\u610f\u5473\u7740\u613f\u610f\u56de\u5e94\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff1b\u5c0a\u91cd\u610f\u5473\u7740\u627f\u8ba4\u5bf9\u65b9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u72ec\u7acb\u4e2a\u4f53\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff1b\u4e86\u89e3\u610f\u5473\u7740\u52aa\u529b\u8ba4\u8bc6\u5bf9\u65b9\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u5904\u5883\u548c\u9700\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5f17\u6d1b\u59c6\u8fd8\u533a\u5206\u5144\u5f1f\u4e4b\u7231\u3001\u6bcd\u7231\u3001\u6027\u7231\u3001\u81ea\u7231\u548c\u5bf9\u795e\u7684\u7231\uff0c\u5e76\u8ba8\u8bba\u73b0\u4ee3\u793e\u4f1a\u4e2d\u7684\u5b64\u72ec\u3001\u5360\u6709\u503e\u5411\u4e0e\u7231\u7684\u56f0\u96be\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u8428\u7279\uff1a\u7231\u60c5\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u77db\u76fe<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8ba9-\u4fdd\u7f57\u00b7\u8428\u7279\uff08Jean-Paul Sartre\uff0c1905&#8212;1980\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u865a\u65e0\u300b\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u7231\u4e0e\u4e3b\u4f53\u95f4\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8428\u7279\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4eba\u5e0c\u671b\u901a\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u627f\u8ba4\u6765\u786e\u8ba4\u81ea\u8eab\u5728\u4ed6\u4eba\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u5728\u7231\u60c5\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5f80\u5f80\u5e0c\u671b\u6210\u4e3a\u5bf9\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u3001\u5177\u6709\u7279\u6b8a\u5730\u4f4d\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u8fd9\u91cc\u5b58\u5728\u4e00\u79cd\u5f20\u529b\uff1a\u7231\u8005\u5e0c\u671b\u5bf9\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u5730\u7231\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u5374\u53c8\u5e0c\u671b\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u9009\u62e9\u80fd\u591f\u7a33\u5b9a\u3001\u786e\u5b9a\u3001\u4e0d\u518d\u6539\u53d8\u3002\u5982\u679c\u901a\u8fc7\u5f3a\u8feb\u6d88\u9664\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u6240\u83b7\u5f97\u7684\u56de\u5e94\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u539f\u5148\u6240\u8ffd\u6c42\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u7231\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8428\u7279\u56e0\u6b64\u628a\u7231\u60c5\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4eba\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u81ea\u7531\u4e4b\u95f4\u590d\u6742\u800c\u53ef\u80fd\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u3002\u4ed6\u5e76\u672a\u628a\u7231\u60c5\u7b80\u5355\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u81ea\u7136\u8fbe\u5230\u7684\u5b8c\u5168\u548c\u8c10\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u897f\u8499\u5a1c\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u6ce2\u4f0f\u74e6\uff1a\u7231\u4e0e\u53cc\u65b9\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u627f\u8ba4<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u897f\u8499\u5a1c\u00b7\u5fb7\u00b7\u6ce2\u4f0f\u74e6\uff08Simone de Beauvoir\uff0c1908&#8212;1986\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u7b2c\u4e8c\u6027\u300b\u300a\u6a21\u7cca\u6027\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u300b\u7b49\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u7231\u60c5\u3001\u6027\u522b\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5979\u5206\u6790\u5973\u6027\u5982\u4f55\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u793e\u4f1a\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u6587\u5316\u671f\u5f85\u4e2d\uff0c\u88ab\u5f15\u5bfc\u628a\u7231\u60c5\u89c6\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5168\u90e8\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u5e76\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u80fd\u727a\u7272\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6ce2\u4f0f\u74e6\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u8f83\u4e3a\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u7231\u60c5\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u53cc\u65b9\u4f5c\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4f53\u76f8\u4e92\u627f\u8ba4\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e0d\u5e94\u901a\u8fc7\u6d88\u9664\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u72ec\u7acb\u6027\u6765\u6210\u5168\u5bf9\u65b9\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u5e94\u901a\u8fc7\u5360\u6709\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u5265\u593a\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5979\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\uff0c\u7231\u60c5\u4e0e\u4eba\u683c\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6761\u4ef6\u4ee5\u53ca\u53cc\u65b9\u5171\u540c\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u6c49\u5a1c\u00b7\u963f\u4f26\u7279\uff1a\u7231\u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u533a\u522b<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u6c49\u5a1c\u00b7\u963f\u4f26\u7279\uff08Hannah Arendt\uff0c1906&#8212;1975\u5e74\uff09\u65e9\u5e74\u7684\u535a\u58eb\u8bba\u6587\u300a\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u7231\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\u300b\u4e13\u95e8\u7814\u7a76\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u7684\u7231\u8bba\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u7231\u3001\u6b32\u6c42\u3001\u8bb0\u5fc6\u548c\u4eba\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u300a\u4eba\u7684\u5883\u51b5\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u963f\u4f26\u7279\u53c8\u4ece\u516c\u5171\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u8ba8\u8bba\u7231\u3002\u5979\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4eb2\u5bc6\u4e4b\u7231\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u5f3a\u7684\u79c1\u4eba\u6027\uff0c\u901a\u5e38\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ee5\u516c\u5f00\u5c55\u793a\u548c\u516c\u5171\u5236\u5ea6\u4e3a\u5176\u4e3b\u8981\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u963f\u4f26\u7279\u7531\u6b64\u533a\u5206\u79c1\u4eba\u4eb2\u5bc6\u5173\u7cfb\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u5171\u540c\u751f\u6d3b\u6240\u9700\u8981\u7684\u516c\u5171\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002\u5979\u5e76\u672a\u56e0\u6b64\u5426\u8ba4\u7231\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u628a\u7231\u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u884c\u52a8\u653e\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u9886\u57df\u4e2d\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5217\u7ef4\u7eb3\u65af\uff1a\u5bf9\u4ed6\u8005\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u4e0e\u4eb2\u5bc6\u5173\u7cfb<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u57c3\u9a6c\u7ebd\u57c3\u5c14\u00b7\u5217\u7ef4\u7eb3\u65af\uff08Emmanuel Levinas\uff0c1906&#8212;1995\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u603b\u4f53\u4e0e\u65e0\u9650\u300b\u7b49\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u4eba\u4e0e\u4ed6\u8005\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e13\u95e8\u6d89\u53ca\u7231\u6b32\uff08eros\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u9762\u5bf9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u65f6\uff0c\u4eba\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a\u5bf9\u65b9\u5b8c\u5168\u5316\u7ea6\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u638c\u63e1\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u6216\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002\u4e0e\u4ed6\u8005\u7684\u76f8\u9047\u5305\u542b\u65e0\u6cd5\u88ab\u5b8c\u5168\u5360\u6709\u548c\u6d88\u9664\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5217\u7ef4\u7eb3\u65af\u7684\u7231\u6b32\u8bba\u8ff0\u6d89\u53ca\u4eb2\u5bc6\u3001\u6b32\u671b\u3001\u9690\u79d8\u6027\u548c\u4ed6\u8005\u6027\u3002\u4ed6\u5bf9\u4f26\u7406\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u5219\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u4eba\u9762\u5bf9\u4ed6\u8005\u7684\u8106\u5f31\u548c\u8981\u6c42\u65f6\uff0c\u4f1a\u8fdb\u5165\u4e00\u79cd\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u5229\u76ca\u4ea4\u6362\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7231\u6b32\u4e0e\u4f26\u7406\u8d23\u4efb\u5728\u5217\u7ef4\u7eb3\u65af\u90a3\u91cc\u5e76\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff0c\u4e8c\u8005\u9700\u8981\u7ed3\u5408\u5176\u4e0d\u540c\u8457\u4f5c\u548c\u8bba\u8ff0\u8bed\u5883\u52a0\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u827e\u4e3d\u4e1d\u00b7\u9ed8\u591a\u514b\uff1a\u7231\u4e0e\u5bf9\u4ed6\u8005\u771f\u5b9e\u6027\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u827e\u4e3d\u4e1d\u00b7\u9ed8\u591a\u514b\uff08Iris Murdoch\uff0c1919&#8212;1999\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u5d07\u9ad8\u4e0e\u5584\u300b\uff08The Sublime and the Good\uff09\u53ca\u300a\u5584\u7684\u4e3b\u6743\u300b\uff08The Sovereignty of Good\uff09\u7b49\u4f5c\u54c1\u4e2d\uff0c\u628a\u7231\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5979\u5c06\u7231\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u6781\u5176\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u6d3b\u52a8\uff1a\u4eba\u9700\u8981\u771f\u6b63\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u5728\u81ea\u8eab\u4e4b\u5916\u8fd8\u5b58\u5728\u7740\u5177\u6709\u72ec\u7acb\u73b0\u5b9e\u6027\u7684\u4ed6\u8005\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9ed8\u591a\u514b\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u4eba\u7ecf\u5e38\u901a\u8fc7\u5e7b\u60f3\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u671f\u5f85\u548c\u4e60\u60ef\u6027\u5224\u65ad\u6765\u770b\u5f85\u4ed6\u4eba\u3002\u7231\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u610f\u4e49\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u5728\u4e8e\u52aa\u529b\u66f4\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4ed6\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u628a\u5bf9\u65b9\u7eb3\u5165\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9700\u8981\u548c\u60f3\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u5979\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e2d\uff0c\u7231\u4e0e\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u3001\u771f\u5b9e\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4ee5\u53ca\u9053\u5fb7\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u6539\u5584\u5bc6\u5207\u76f8\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5341\u3001\u4e8c\u5341\u4e16\u7eaa\u540e\u671f\u4e0e\u5f53\u4ee3\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u7231<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>C. S. \u8def\u6613\u65af\uff1a\u56db\u79cd\u4e0d\u540c\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7231<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u82f1\u56fd\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f5c\u5bb6 C. S. \u8def\u6613\u65af\uff08C. S. Lewis\uff0c1898&#8212;1963\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u56db\u79cd\u7231\u300b\uff08The Four Loves\uff0c1960\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u501f\u7528\u5e0c\u814a\u8bed\u548c\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f20\u7edf\u533a\u5206\u56db\u79cd\u7231\u7684\u5f62\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4eb2\u7231\uff08storge\uff09\u901a\u5e38\u4e0e\u5bb6\u5ead\u6210\u5458\u53ca\u957f\u671f\u719f\u6089\u7684\u4eba\u4e4b\u95f4\u81ea\u7136\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u4f9d\u604b\u6709\u5173\uff1b\u53cb\u7231\uff08philia\uff09\u4e3b\u8981\u53d1\u751f\u4e8e\u56e0\u5171\u540c\u5174\u8da3\u3001\u4ef7\u503c\u6216\u8ffd\u6c42\u800c\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1b\u60c5\u7231\uff08eros\uff09\u6307\u5411\u4f5c\u4e3a\u604b\u7231\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u4e2a\u4eba\uff1b\u4ec1\u7231\u6216\u5723\u7231\uff08agape\u3001charity\uff09\u5219\u4e0e\u65e0\u79c1\u7684\u5173\u6000\u53ca\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u7684\u795e\u5723\u4e4b\u7231\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8def\u6613\u65af\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u4e9b\u7231\u5982\u4f55\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e5f\u8ba8\u8bba\u5b83\u4eec\u5404\u81ea\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u4e0e\u56f0\u96be\u3002\u4ed6\u7684\u8457\u4f5c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u5177\u6709\u54f2\u5b66\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u5b97\u6559\u601d\u60f3\u5199\u4f5c\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u4e25\u683c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u7684\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b66\u5b9a\u4e49\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u6240\u7f57\u95e8\uff1a\u7231\u60c5\u4e0e\u5171\u540c\u8eab\u4efd\u7684\u5f62\u6210<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7C. \u6240\u7f57\u95e8\uff08Robert C. Solomon\uff0c1942&#8212;2007\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u8bba\u7231\u300b\uff08About Love\uff0c1988\uff09\u7b49\u8457\u4f5c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4ece\u60c5\u611f\u54f2\u5b66\u548c\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u8ba8\u8bba\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7231\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u7f57\u95e8\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7231\u60c5\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u77ed\u6682\u7684\u6fc0\u60c5\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0e\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u5982\u4f55\u5171\u540c\u7406\u89e3\u751f\u6d3b\u3001\u5f62\u6210\u76f8\u4e92\u627f\u8bfa\u4ee5\u53ca\u5851\u9020\u5171\u540c\u8eab\u4efd\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u8bba\u8ff0\u4e2d\uff0c\u7231\u60c5\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5305\u542b\u60c5\u611f\u3001\u5224\u65ad\u3001\u884c\u52a8\u548c\u957f\u671f\u53c2\u4e0e\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u5171\u540c\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u9010\u6e10\u5f62\u6210\u4e0e\u5404\u81ea\u72ec\u7acb\u751f\u6d3b\u6709\u6240\u4e0d\u540c\u7684&#8221;\u6211\u4eec&#8221;\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u4f46\u8fd9\u5e76\u4e0d\u8981\u6c42\u53cc\u65b9\u5931\u53bb\u6240\u6709\u4e2a\u4eba\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7f57\u6770\u00b7\u65af\u514b\u9c81\u987f\uff1a\u60c5\u7231\u6307\u5411\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\u683c\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u4ed6\u4eba<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7f57\u6770\u00b7\u65af\u514b\u9c81\u987f\uff08Roger Scruton\uff0c1944&#8212;2020\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u6027\u6b32\u300b\uff08Sexual Desire\uff0c1986\uff09\u4e2d\u8ba8\u8bba\u6b32\u671b\u3001\u8eab\u4f53\u3001\u4eba\u683c\u548c\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7231\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u4eba\u7684\u6027\u6b32\u548c\u60c5\u7231\u5e76\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u6309\u7167\u8eab\u4f53\u523a\u6fc0\u6216\u751f\u7406\u53cd\u5e94\u6765\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u4eba\u5728\u4eb2\u5bc6\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u9762\u5bf9\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u662f\u5177\u6709\u610f\u56fe\u3001\u611f\u53d7\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u4eba\u683c\u4e3b\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u4ed6\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7231\u60c5\u6d89\u53ca\u5bf9\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u4e3b\u4f53\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0e\u56de\u5e94\uff0c\u4e5f\u6d89\u53ca\u76f8\u4e92\u627f\u8ba4\u548c\u5171\u540c\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u7231\u4e0e\u6b32\u671b\u53ef\u4ee5\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7b80\u5355\u89c6\u4e3a\u540c\u4e00\u79cd\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u8bfa\u9f50\u514b\uff1a\u7231\u662f&#8221;\u6211\u4eec&#8221;\u7684\u5f62\u6210<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7f57\u4f2f\u7279\u00b7\u8bfa\u9f50\u514b\uff08Robert Nozick\uff0c1938&#8212;2002\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u7ecf\u8fc7\u7701\u5bdf\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u300b\uff08The Examined Life\uff0c1989\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u6d6a\u6f2b\u7231\u60c5\u53ca\u5171\u540c\u8eab\u4efd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bfa\u9f50\u514b\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7231\u60c5\u7684\u4e00\u9879\u91cd\u8981\u7279\u5f81\u662f\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u5f62\u6210\u67d0\u79cd&#8221;\u6211\u4eec&#8221;\uff08we\uff09\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\uff0c\u53cc\u65b9\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u3001\u5229\u76ca\u3001\u76ee\u6807\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u8ba1\u5212\u5f00\u59cb\u4ee5\u65b0\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;\u6211\u4eec&#8221;\u7684\u5f62\u6210\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4e24\u4e2a\u4eba\u5728\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u53d8\u6210\u540c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5404\u81ea\u5f00\u59cb\u628a\u5171\u540c\u5173\u7cfb\u89c6\u4e3a\u81ea\u8eab\u8eab\u4efd\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u53cc\u65b9\u53ef\u80fd\u5171\u540c\u4f5c\u51fa\u51b3\u5b9a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u7ecf\u5386\u800c\u6539\u53d8\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5173\u5207\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u54c8\u91cc\u00b7\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\uff1a\u7231\u662f\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5173\u5207\u4e0e\u610f\u5fd7\u7ed3\u6784<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u54c8\u91cc\u00b7\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\uff08Harry Frankfurt\uff0c1929&#8212;2023\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u3001\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0e\u7231\u300b\uff08Necessity, Volition, and Love\uff0c1999\uff09\u53ca\u300a\u7231\u7684\u7406\u7531\u300b\uff08The Reasons of Love\uff0c2004\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u5bf9\u7231\u4f5c\u51fa\u610f\u5fd7\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0a\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7231\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u4f9d\u636e\u5f53\u4e0b\u611f\u53d7\u7684\u5f3a\u5ea6\u6765\u754c\u5b9a\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7231\u67d0\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ed6\u5bf9\u8fd9\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\u3001\u6df1\u523b\u7684\u5173\u5207\uff1b\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u798f\u7949\u548c\u547d\u8fd0\u80fd\u591f\u6210\u4e3a\u5176\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u76f4\u63a5\u7406\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u5173\u5207\u5e76\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7136\u7531\u5916\u90e8\u547d\u4ee4\u6216\u7ecf\u8fc7\u8ba1\u7b97\u7684\u5229\u76ca\u5224\u65ad\u4ea7\u751f\u3002\u7231\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u81ea\u5df1\u65e0\u6cd5\u4efb\u610f\u51b3\u5b9a\u662f\u5426\u7ee7\u7eed\u5173\u5fc3\u67d0\u4e2a\u4eba\u3002\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u7528&#8221;\u610f\u5fd7\u7684\u5fc5\u7136\u6027&#8221;\u8ba8\u8bba\u8fd9\u79cd\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff1a\u7231\u53c2\u4e0e\u5f62\u6210\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u771f\u6b63\u91cd\u89c6\u4ec0\u4e48\u3001\u613f\u610f\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u884c\u52a8\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e0d\u80fd\u8f7b\u6613\u653e\u5f03\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u8fd8\u8ba8\u8bba\u81ea\u7231\u3001\u7236\u6bcd\u4e4b\u7231\u548c\u4eba\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u610f\u4e49\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002\u5728\u5176\u7406\u8bba\u4e2d\uff0c\u7231\u4e0d\u4ec5\u662f\u88ab\u52a8\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u7ec4\u7ec7\u4e2a\u4eba\u610f\u5fd7\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u53d6\u5411\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u739b\u838e\u00b7\u52aa\u65af\u9c8d\u59c6\uff1a\u7231\u4e0e\u60c5\u611f\u4e2d\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u5224\u65ad<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u739b\u838e\u00b7\u52aa\u65af\u9c8d\u59c6\uff08Martha C. Nussbaum\uff0c1947\u5e74\u751f\uff09\u5728\u300a\u7231\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u300b\uff08Love&#8217;s Knowledge\uff0c1990\uff09\u548c\u300a\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u5267\u53d8\u300b\uff08Upheavals of Thought\uff0c2001\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u60c5\u611f\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u52aa\u65af\u9c8d\u59c6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u60c5\u611f\u5e76\u975e\u5b8c\u5168\u6ca1\u6709\u8ba4\u77e5\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u751f\u7406\u51b2\u52a8\u3002\u60c5\u611f\u5f80\u5f80\u5305\u542b\u4eba\u5bf9\u67d0\u4e9b\u5bf9\u8c61\u53ca\u5176\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u7406\u89e3\uff1a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u56e0\u4e3a\u67d0\u4e2a\u5bf9\u8c61\u5bf9\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u624d\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u5bf9\u8c61\u53d7\u5230\u5a01\u80c1\u3001\u5931\u53bb\u6216\u83b7\u5f97\u65f6\u4ea7\u751f\u5f3a\u70c8\u60c5\u7eea\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5979\u5c06\u7231\u60c5\u4e0e\u4eba\u7684\u8106\u5f31\u6027\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u7231\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\uff0c\u610f\u5473\u7740\u627f\u8ba4\u67d0\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5e78\u798f\u6761\u4ef6\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b8c\u5168\u7531\u81ea\u5df1\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6240\u7231\u8005\u5177\u6709\u72ec\u7acb\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u547d\u8fd0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u52aa\u65af\u9c8d\u59c6\u4e5f\u501f\u52a9\u5c0f\u8bf4\u3001\u620f\u5267\u4e0e\u54f2\u5b66\u6587\u672c\u8ba8\u8bba\u7231\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5177\u4f53\u53d9\u4e8b\u548c\u4eba\u7269\u5904\u5883\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u590d\u6742\u60c5\u611f\u65f6\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5185\u5c14\u00b7\u8bfa\u4e01\u65af\uff1a\u5173\u6000\u5173\u7cfb\u9700\u8981\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u56de\u5e94<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5185\u5c14\u00b7\u8bfa\u4e01\u65af\uff08Nel Noddings\uff0c1929&#8212;2022\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u5173\u6000\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u5973\u6027\u89c6\u89d2\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u6559\u80b2\u65b9\u6cd5\u300b\uff08Caring\uff0c1984\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee5\u5177\u4f53\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u5173\u6000\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bfa\u4e01\u65af\u533a\u5206&#8221;\u5173\u6000\u8005&#8221;\uff08one-caring\uff09\u4e0e&#8221;\u88ab\u5173\u6000\u8005&#8221;\uff08cared-for\uff09\u3002\u5173\u6000\u8005\u9700\u8981\u8ba4\u771f\u63a5\u7eb3\u548c\u7406\u89e3\u5bf9\u65b9\u7684\u5904\u5883\uff0c\u5e76\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u5728\u4e00\u5b9a\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u53d7\u5230\u5bf9\u65b9\u9700\u8981\u7684\u5f15\u5bfc\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5979\u8fd8\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u88ab\u5173\u6000\u8005\u7684\u67d0\u79cd\u56de\u5e94\u5728\u5b8c\u6574\u5173\u6000\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u56de\u5e94\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u662f\u5bf9\u7b49\u7684\u7167\u6599\u6216\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0a\u7684\u611f\u8c22\uff1b\u513f\u7ae5\u3001\u75c5\u4eba\u6216\u5176\u4ed6\u80fd\u529b\u6709\u9650\u7684\u4eba\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4ee5\u5404\u81ea\u80fd\u591f\u505a\u5230\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u56de\u5e94\u5173\u6000\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8bfa\u4e01\u65af\u533a\u5206\u81ea\u53d1\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u5173\u6000\u4e0e\u901a\u8fc7\u4f26\u7406\u627f\u8bfa\u7ef4\u6301\u7684\u5173\u6000\u3002\u5979\u6240\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u662f\u5173\u6000\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u628a&#8221;\u5173\u6000&#8221;\u4e0e\u4e00\u5207\u5f62\u5f0f\u7684\u7231\u60c5\u76f4\u63a5\u7b49\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5361\u7f57\u5c14\u00b7\u5409\u5229\u6839\u4e0e\u5173\u6000\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\uff1a\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u7684\u8d23\u4efb<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5bb6\u5361\u7f57\u5c14\u00b7\u5409\u5229\u6839\uff08Carol Gilligan\uff0c1936\u5e74\u751f\uff09\u5728\u300a\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u58f0\u97f3\u300b\uff08In a Different Voice\uff0c1982\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u7814\u7a76\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u4e0e\u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8054\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5979\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u9053\u5fb7\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u4ec5\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u666e\u904d\u89c4\u5219\u3001\u6743\u5229\u548c\u516c\u6b63\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u7406\u89e3\uff0c\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u4ece\u5177\u4f53\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u8d23\u4efb\u548c\u907f\u514d\u4f24\u5bb3\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u5979\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u540e\u6765\u7684\u5173\u6000\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u4ea7\u751f\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u5f71\u54cd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u540e\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f17\u5409\u5c3c\u4e9a\u00b7\u8d6b\u5c14\u5fb7\uff08Virginia Held\uff09\u5728\u300a\u5173\u6000\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u300b\uff08The Ethics of Care\uff0c2006\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u5c06\u5173\u6000\u7684\u8ba8\u8bba\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u5bb6\u5ead\u4e4b\u5916\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u3001\u516c\u5171\u653f\u7b56\u548c\u653f\u6cbb\u751f\u6d3b\u3002\u5979\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u666e\u904d\u5b58\u5728\u4f9d\u8d56\u3001\u7167\u6599\u548c\u76f8\u4e92\u652f\u6301\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u4f26\u7406\u7406\u8bba\u5e94\u5f53\u8ba4\u771f\u5bf9\u5f85\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5409\u5229\u6839\u4e0e\u8d6b\u5c14\u5fb7\u4e3b\u8981\u8ba8\u8bba\u5173\u6000\u548c\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u610f\u4e49\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u6240\u6709\u7c7b\u578b\u7684\u7231\u63d0\u51fa\u4e00\u4e2a\u7edf\u4e00\u7684\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>J. \u5927\u536b\u00b7\u97e6\u52d2\u66fc\uff1a\u7231\u662f\u5bf9\u4eba\u683c\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\u7279\u6b8a\u56de\u5e94<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>J. \u5927\u536b\u00b7\u97e6\u52d2\u66fc\uff08J. David Velleman\uff09\u5728\u300a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u7231\u300b\uff08Love as a Moral Emotion\uff0c1999\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4ee5\u4eba\u683c\u4ef7\u503c\u4e3a\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7684\u7231\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7231\u4e0d\u80fd\u7b80\u5355\u7b49\u540c\u4e8e\u5e0c\u671b\u5bf9\u65b9\u5e78\u798f\u7684\u6b32\u671b\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u4ec5\u7528\u67d0\u4e2a\u4eba\u62e5\u6709\u4ee4\u4eba\u559c\u6b22\u7684\u7279\u5f81\u6765\u89e3\u91ca\u3002\u7231\u6d89\u53ca\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4eba\u683c\u4e3b\u4f53\u6240\u5177\u6709\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4f5c\u51fa\u7279\u6b8a\u56de\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u97e6\u52d2\u66fc\u7279\u522b\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u7231\u80fd\u591f\u6539\u53d8\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u4fdd\u62a4\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u9632\u5fa1\uff0c\u4f7f\u4eba\u613f\u610f\u5728\u6240\u7231\u8005\u9762\u524d\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u66f4\u6df1\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u5f00\u653e\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4ed6\u540c\u65f6\u533a\u5206\u666e\u904d\u5730\u5c0a\u91cd\u4eba\u683c\u4e0e\u5177\u4f53\u5730\u7231\u67d0\u4e2a\u4eba\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u5e94\u5f53\u53d7\u5230\u5c0a\u91cd\uff0c\u4f46\u4eba\u5e76\u4e0d\u4f1a\u56e0\u6b64\u4ee5\u540c\u6837\u65b9\u5f0f\u7231\u6240\u6709\u4eba\u3002\u5176\u8bba\u8ff0\u7740\u91cd\u5206\u6790\u7231\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u57fa\u7840\u53ca\u5176\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u56de\u5e94\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5c3c\u79d1\u00b7\u79d1\u6d1b\u5fb7\u5c3c\uff1a\u7231\u4e0e\u5173\u7cfb\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u4ef7\u503c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u5c3c\u79d1\u00b7\u79d1\u6d1b\u5fb7\u5c3c\uff08Niko Kolodny\uff09\u5728\u300a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u91cd\u89c6\u4e00\u79cd\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7231\u300b\uff08Love as Valuing a Relationship\uff0c2003\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u4ece\u5177\u4f53\u5173\u7cfb\u7406\u89e3\u7231\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u79d1\u6d1b\u5fb7\u5c3c\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u4eba\u7231\u67d0\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u7406\u7531\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u603b\u662f\u8fd9\u4e2a\u4eba\u5177\u6709\u54ea\u4e9b\u53ef\u4ee5\u5217\u4e3e\u7684\u4f18\u79c0\u54c1\u8d28\u3002\u4eb2\u5b50\u3001\u670b\u53cb\u6216\u4f34\u4fa3\u4e4b\u95f4\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u53ca\u5176\u5386\u53f2\uff0c\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u53ef\u80fd\u4e3a\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u5173\u5207\u63d0\u4f9b\u7406\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7231\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5982\u679c\u51fa\u73b0\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u62e5\u6709\u66f4\u591a\u4f18\u79c0\u54c1\u8d28\u7684\u5b69\u5b50\uff0c\u5c31\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u539f\u6709\u7684\u7231\u7b80\u5355\u8f6c\u79fb\u8fc7\u53bb\u3002\u7279\u5b9a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u8eab\u4efd\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\uff0c\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u79d1\u6d1b\u5fb7\u5c3c\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u7231\u7684\u7406\u7531\u5982\u4f55\u4e0e\u5173\u7cfb\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5bf9\u7279\u5b9a\u4eba\u7684\u7231\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u80fd\u4ec5\u9760\u54c1\u8d28\u6bd4\u8f83\u6765\u66ff\u6362\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u8d1d\u5185\u7279\u00b7\u8d6b\u5c14\u59c6\uff1a\u7231\u4e0e\u6301\u7eed\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u5173\u6ce8\u6a21\u5f0f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8d1d\u5185\u7279\u00b7W. \u8d6b\u5c14\u59c6\uff08Bennett W. Helm\uff09\u5728\u300a\u7231\u3001\u53cb\u8c0a\u4e0e\u81ea\u6211\u300b\uff08Love, Friendship, and the Self\uff0c2010\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u7231\u5982\u4f55\u53c2\u4e0e\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u751f\u6d3b\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8d6b\u5c14\u59c6\u8ba4\u4e3a\uff0c\u7231\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u7528\u4e00\u6b21\u5f3a\u70c8\u7684\u60c5\u7eea\u6765\u8bf4\u660e\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5bf9\u6240\u7231\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u5173\u5207\uff0c\u4f1a\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\u5f62\u6210\u76f8\u4e92\u8054\u7cfb\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6240\u7231\u8005\u83b7\u5f97\u6210\u529f\u65f6\u7684\u559c\u60a6\u3001\u906d\u53d7\u4f24\u5bb3\u65f6\u7684\u60b2\u4f24\u3001\u9762\u4e34\u5371\u9669\u65f6\u7684\u62c5\u5fe7\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0e\u5bf9\u540c\u4e00\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u5173\u5207\u6709\u5173\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u60c5\u611f\u4e4b\u95f4\u5e76\u975e\u6beb\u65e0\u8054\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u56f4\u7ed5\u7231\u8005\u8ba4\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u5f62\u6210\u76f8\u5bf9\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8d6b\u5c14\u59c6\u8fd8\u8ba8\u8bba\u53cb\u8c0a\u4e0e\u5171\u540c\u5173\u5207\uff1a\u670b\u53cb\u53ef\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u5171\u540c\u73cd\u89c6\u67d0\u4e9b\u4e8b\u7269\u3001\u56de\u5e94\u5f7c\u6b64\u7684\u60c5\u611f\u548c\u5171\u540c\u53c2\u4e0e\u751f\u6d3b\uff0c\u4f7f\u5173\u7cfb\u9010\u6b65\u6df1\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u8d1d\u5c14\u00b7\u80e1\u514b\u65af\uff1a\u7231\u662f\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6210\u957f\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u4e0e\u884c\u52a8<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u7f8e\u56fd\u6587\u5316\u6279\u8bc4\u5bb6\u548c\u5973\u6027\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u8d1d\u5c14\u00b7\u80e1\u514b\u65af\uff08bell hooks\uff0c1952&#8212;2021\u5e74\uff09\u5728\u300a\u4e00\u5207\u5173\u4e8e\u7231\u300b\uff08All About Love: New Visions\uff0c2000\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ba8\u8bba\u7231\u4e0e\u5173\u6000\u3001\u8d23\u4efb\u3001\u4fe1\u4efb\u3001\u5c0a\u91cd\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5979\u501f\u9274\u5fc3\u7406\u6cbb\u7597\u4f5c\u8005 M. \u65af\u79d1\u7279\u00b7\u6d3e\u514b\uff08M. Scott Peck\uff09\u5173\u4e8e\u7231\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u5c06\u7231\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u79cd\u613f\u610f\u6269\u5c55\u81ea\u8eab\u3001\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u81ea\u5df1\u6216\u4ed6\u4eba\u7cbe\u795e\u6210\u957f\u4e3a\u76ee\u7684\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\u6d3b\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u80e1\u514b\u65af\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u7231\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u51ed\u53e3\u5934\u5ba3\u79f0\u6216\u4e3b\u89c2\u611f\u89c9\u6765\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u5173\u6000\u3001\u8d23\u4efb\u3001\u5c0a\u91cd\u3001\u4fe1\u4efb\u4e0e\u8bda\u5b9e\u7b49\u5177\u4f53\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u662f\u5979\u8ba8\u8bba\u7231\u65f6\u53cd\u590d\u6d89\u53ca\u7684\u5185\u5bb9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5979\u4e5f\u8ba8\u8bba\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u4eb2\u5bc6\u5173\u7cfb\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u6743\u529b\u7ed3\u6784\u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u4eba\u4eec\u5b66\u4e60\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u7231\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u57c3\u8389\u8bfa\u00b7\u65af\u5766\u666e\uff1a\u7231\u5305\u542b\u4e3a\u5bf9\u65b9\u8c0b\u5584\u4e0e\u5bfb\u6c42\u7ed3\u5408<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u57c3\u8389\u8bfa\u00b7\u65af\u5766\u666e\uff08Eleonore 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Encyclopedia of Philosophy, &#8220;Love&#8221;: <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/love\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/love\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, &#8220;Friendship&#8221;: <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/friendship\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/friendship\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, &#8220;The Emotions in Early Chinese Philosophy&#8221;: <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/emotions-chinese\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/emotions-chinese\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, &#8220;Mohism&#8221;: <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/mohism\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/mohism\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, &#8220;Feminist Ethics&#8221;: <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/feminism-ethics\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/feminism-ethics\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, &#8220;Ibn &#8216;Arab\u012b&#8221;: <a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/ibn-arabi\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/ibn-arabi\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, &#8220;Philosophy of Love&#8221;: <a href=\"https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/love\/\" rel=\"nofollow\">https:\/\/iep.utm.edu\/love\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":17897162,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_geoff_meta_description_en":"The 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