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12\uff5c\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7 Aristotle\uff5c\u524d384\u2014\u524d322\uff5c\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u5f62\u5f0f\u903b\u8f91\u3001\u5b9e\u4f53\u8bba\u3001\u56db\u56e0\u8bf4\u3001\u6f5c\u80fd\u4e0e\u73b0\u5b9e\u7406\u8bba\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u53ca\u524d\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u54f2\u5b66 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u4ee5\u5b9e\u4f53\u3001\u5f62\u5f0f\u3001\u8d28\u6599\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u548c\u6f5c\u80fd\u2014\u73b0\u5b9e\u7ed3\u6784\u91cd\u6784\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u54f2\u5b66\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6210\u7cfb\u7edf\u5b66\u79d1\u3002<\/p>\n
13\uff5c\u5e84\u5b50\uff5c\u7ea6\u524d369\u2014\u7ea6\u524d286\uff5c\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u53cd\u601d\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fb9\u754c\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u4e3b\u4f53\u89c6\u89d2\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u533a\u5206\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u8001\u5b50\u3001\u540d\u5bb6\u53ca\u6218\u56fd\u8bf8\u5b50\u8bba\u8fa9 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u628a\u89c6\u89d2\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u548c\u8bed\u8a00\u9650\u5ea6\u672c\u8eab\u53d8\u6210\u54f2\u5b66\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u51fa\u9ad8\u5ea6\u81ea\u53cd\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n
14\uff5c\u5b5f\u5b50\uff5c\u7ea6\u524d372\u2014\u524d289\uff5c\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u6027\u5584\u8bba\u548c\u9053\u5fb7\u5fc3\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5b54\u5b50\u4e0e\u5112\u5bb6\u4f20\u7edf \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u628a\u4f26\u7406\u89c4\u8303\u5960\u57fa\u4e8e\u607b\u9690\u7b49\u5185\u5728\u5fc3\u7406\u840c\u82bd\uff0c\u4ece\u5236\u5ea6\u4f26\u7406\u63a8\u8fdb\u5230\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
15\uff5c\u4f0a\u58c1\u9e20\u9c81 Epicurus\uff5c\u524d341\u2014\u524d270\uff5c\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5c06\u539f\u5b50\u8bba\u3001\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u4e0e\u4f26\u7406\u5b66\u7ed3\u5408\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5fb7\u8c1f\u514b\u5229\u7279\u539f\u5b50\u8bba\u3001\u6614\u5170\u5c3c\u4f26\u7406\u601d\u60f3 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u628a\u81ea\u7136\u8bba\u670d\u52a1\u4e8e\u89e3\u9664\u6050\u60e7\u4e0e\u83b7\u5f97\u5b81\u9759\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4ece\u5b87\u5b99\u8bba\u901a\u5411\u751f\u6d3b\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
16\uff5c\u5b63\u8482\u6602\u7684\u829d\u8bfa Zeno of Citium\uff5c\u7ea6\u524d334\u2014\u524d262\uff5c\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5960\u5b9a\u65e9\u671f\u65af\u591a\u4e9a\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u4f20\u7edf\u3001\u72ac\u5112\u6d3e\u3001\u8d6b\u62c9\u514b\u5229\u7279 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u628a\u5b87\u5b99\u51b3\u5b9a\u8bba\u4e0e\u4e3b\u4f53\u5185\u5728\u81ea\u7531\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u201c\u987a\u5e94\u81ea\u7136\u201d\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u4f26\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
17\uff5c\u8340\u5b50\uff5c\u7ea6\u524d310\u2014\u7ea6\u524d235\uff5c\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u63d0\u51fa\u6027\u6076\u3001\u5316\u6027\u8d77\u4f2a\u548c\u793c\u7684\u4eba\u5de5\u5efa\u6784\u7406\u8bba\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5b54\u5b5f\u5112\u5b66\u3001\u793c\u5236\u4f20\u7edf \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u628a\u6587\u660e\u548c\u4f26\u7406\u79e9\u5e8f\u660e\u786e\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4eba\u4e3a\u5efa\u6784\u4e0e\u6559\u5316\u6210\u679c\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u81ea\u7136\u81ea\u53d1\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n
18\uff5c\u97e9\u975e\uff5c\u7ea6\u524d280\u2014\u524d233\uff5c\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u4ee5\u5236\u5ea6\u3001\u6743\u529b\u548c\u6fc0\u52b1\u7ea6\u675f\u89e3\u91ca\u653f\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5546\u9785\u3001\u7533\u4e0d\u5bb3\u3001\u614e\u5230\u53ca\u8340\u5b50 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u653f\u6cbb\u7a33\u5b9a\u4ece\u541b\u4e3b\u5fb7\u6027\u4e2d\u5206\u79bb\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u8f6c\u5411\u53ef\u590d\u5236\u7684\u6cd5\u3001\u672f\u3001\u52bf\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
19\uff5c\u9f99\u6811 N\u0101g\u0101rjuna\uff5c\u7ea6150\u2014\u7ea6250\uff5c\u5370\u5ea6\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u4e2d\u89c2\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u4ee5\u7a7a\u548c\u7f18\u8d77\u6279\u5224\u5b9e\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u65e9\u671f\u4f5b\u6559\u7f18\u8d77\u8bba\u3001\u5927\u4e58\u822c\u82e5\u601d\u60f3 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u628a\u201c\u7a7a\u201d\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u5207\u6982\u5ff5\u5b9e\u4f53\u5316\u7684\u89e3\u9664\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5e76\u5f62\u6210\u4e8c\u8c1b\u4e0e\u4e2d\u9053\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
20\uff5c\u738b\u5f3c\uff5c226\u2014249\uff5c\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u4ee5\u201c\u65e0\u2014\u6709\u201d\u7ed3\u6784\u91cd\u91ca\u8001\u5e84\u5e76\u53d1\u5c55\u7384\u5b66\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u8001\u5b50\u3001\u5e84\u5b50\u3001\u300a\u5468\u6613\u300b \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u201c\u65e0\u201d\u63d0\u5347\u4e3a\u4f7f\u4e07\u6709\u5f97\u4ee5\u6210\u7acb\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u6027\u6761\u4ef6\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u7384\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\u3002<\/p>\n
21\uff5c\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01 Augustine\uff5c354\u2014430\uff5c\u7f57\u9a6c\u5e1d\u56fd\uff0f\u5317\u975e\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u6df1\u5316\u65f6\u95f4\u3001\u610f\u5fd7\u3001\u8bb0\u5fc6\u548c\u5185\u5728\u4e3b\u4f53\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f20\u7edf\u3001\u65b0\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e3b\u4e49 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u628a\u771f\u7406\u63a2\u7d22\u8f6c\u5411\u5185\u5728\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u610f\u5fd7\u3001\u8bb0\u5fc6\u548c\u65f6\u95f4\u7ecf\u9a8c\u5851\u9020\u897f\u65b9\u4e3b\u4f53\u54f2\u5b66\u524d\u53f2\u3002<\/p>\n
22\uff5c\u6cd5\u85cf\uff5c643\u2014712\uff5c\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u53d1\u5c55\u534e\u4e25\u5b97\u5173\u7cfb\u6027\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u300a\u534e\u4e25\u7ecf\u300b\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u4f5b\u6559\u5224\u6559\u4f20\u7edf \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u201c\u4e00\u5373\u4e00\u5207\u3001\u4e8b\u4e8b\u65e0\u788d\u201d\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u76f8\u4e92\u4f9d\u5b58\u800c\u4e0d\u53d6\u6d88\u5dee\u5f02\u7684\u6574\u4f53\u5173\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
23\uff5c\u5546\u7faf\u7f57 \u015aa\u1e45kara\uff5c\u7ea68\u4e16\u7eaa\uff0c\u4f20\u7edf\u4f5c788\u2014820\uff5c\u5370\u5ea6\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5efa\u7acb\u4e0d\u4e8c\u8bba\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5965\u4e49\u4e66\u3001\u300a\u68b5\u7ecf\u300b\u3001\u4e0d\u4e8c\u5420\u6a80\u591a\u524d\u9a71 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u4ee5\u68b5\u4e3a\u552f\u4e00\u7ec8\u6781\u5b9e\u5728\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u65e0\u660e\u89e3\u91ca\u591a\u6837\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e16\u754c\u4e0e\u7ec8\u6781\u4e00\u4f53\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n
24\uff5c\u6cd5\u62c9\u6bd4 Al-Farabi\uff5c\u7ea6872\u2014950\uff5c\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u7406\u6027\u3001\u653f\u6cbb\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u76f8\u4e92\u5173\u8054\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u54f2\u5b66\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u3001\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u3001\u65b0\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e3b\u4e49 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u54f2\u5b66\u771f\u7406\u3001\u542f\u793a\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u653e\u5165\u7edf\u4e00\u5c42\u7ea7\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u5178\u8303\u3002<\/p>\n
25\uff5c\u963f\u7ef4\u68ee\u7eb3 Avicenna\uff5c980\u20141037\uff5c\u6ce2\u65af\uff0f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u533a\u5206\u672c\u8d28\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u5fc5\u7136\u5b58\u5728\u8005\u7406\u8bba\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u3001\u65b0\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u6cd5\u62c9\u6bd4 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u628a\u201c\u672c\u8d28\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u7cfb\u7edf\u5206\u79bb\uff0c\u5e76\u7528\u5fc5\u7136\u4e0e\u53ef\u80fd\u5efa\u7acb\u65b0\u7684\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
26\uff5c\u5b89\u745f\u4f26 Anselm\uff5c\u7ea61033\u20141109\uff5c\u6b27\u6d32\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5c06\u6982\u5ff5\u3001\u5b58\u5728\u548c\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u63a8\u5230\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u795e\u5b66 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4ec5\u51ed\u5b58\u5728\u6982\u5ff5\u672c\u8eab\u63a8\u51fa\u5fc5\u7136\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5f00\u521b\u9ad8\u5ea6\u5f62\u5f0f\u5316\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u8bba\u8bc1\u3002<\/p>\n
27\uff5c\u6731\u71b9\uff5c1130\u20141200\uff5c\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5c06\u7406\u3001\u6c14\u3001\u6027\u3001\u5fc3\u6574\u5408\u4e3a\u65b0\u5112\u5bb6\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5468\u6566\u9890\u3001\u5f20\u8f7d\u3001\u4e8c\u7a0b\u53ca\u7ecf\u5178\u5112\u5b66 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u628a\u201c\u7406\u2014\u6c14\u201d\u5173\u7cfb\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u540c\u65f6\u89e3\u91ca\u5b87\u5b99\u3001\u4eba\u683c\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u4fee\u517b\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
28\uff5c\u963f\u7ef4\u7f57\u4f0a Averroes\uff5c1126\u20141198\uff5c\u5b89\u8fbe\u5362\u65af\uff0f\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u4e16\u754c\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5904\u7406\u7406\u6027\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u5b97\u6559\u5173\u7cfb\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u3001\u4f0a\u65af\u5170\u795e\u5b66\u4e0e\u54f2\u5b66\u4f20\u7edf \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5f3a\u5316\u54f2\u5b66\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u542f\u793a\u6587\u672c\u4e0e\u7406\u6027\u771f\u7406\u76f8\u534f\u8c03\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u6846\u67b6\u3002<\/p>\n
29\uff5c\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u963f\u594e\u90a3 Thomas Aquinas\uff5c1225\u20141274\uff5c\u610f\u5927\u5229\uff0f\u6b27\u6d32\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u56e0\u679c\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u3001\u5965\u53e4\u65af\u4e01\u3001\u963f\u7ef4\u68ee\u7eb3 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u5b58\u5728\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u76ee\u7684\u4e0e\u795e\u5b66\u6574\u5408\u6210\u9ad8\u5ea6\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u7684\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n
30\uff5c\u5965\u5361\u59c6 William of Ockham\uff5c\u7ea61287\u20141347\uff5c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u4ee5\u552f\u540d\u8bba\u548c\u7b80\u7ea6\u539f\u5219\u524a\u5f31\u666e\u904d\u5b9e\u4f53\u7684\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u5730\u4f4d\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u7ecf\u9662\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u53f8\u5404\u8131\u4f20\u7edf \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u666e\u904d\u8005\u91cd\u65b0\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u6982\u5ff5\u6216\u7b26\u53f7\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u8282\u5236\u63a8\u52a8\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53d6\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n
31\uff5c\u9a6c\u57fa\u96c5\u7ef4\u5229 Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli\uff5c1469\u20141527\uff5c\u610f\u5927\u5229\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5c06\u653f\u6cbb\u5b9e\u9645\u8fd0\u884c\u673a\u5236\u4e0e\u4f20\u7edf\u5fb7\u6027\u4f26\u7406\u76f8\u5bf9\u5206\u79bb\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u53e4\u5178\u53f2\u5b66\u3001\u7f57\u9a6c\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3001\u4e2d\u4e16\u7eaa\u541b\u4e3b\u8bba \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u4ee5\u6743\u529b\u4fdd\u5b58\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u548c\u60c5\u52bf\u4f5c\u4e3a\u72ec\u7acb\u5206\u6790\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u5f00\u542f\u73b0\u4ee3\u653f\u6cbb\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n
32\uff5c\u738b\u9633\u660e\uff5c1472\u20141529\uff5c\u4e2d\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u4ee5\u5fc3\u5373\u7406\u3001\u81f4\u826f\u77e5\u3001\u77e5\u884c\u5408\u4e00\u91cd\u6784\u9053\u5fb7\u4e3b\u4f53\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5b5f\u5b50\u3001\u9646\u4e5d\u6e0a\u3001\u6731\u71b9 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u89c4\u8303\u6839\u636e\u4ece\u5916\u5728\u683c\u7269\u8f6c\u5411\u4e3b\u4f53\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u826f\u77e5\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u53d6\u6d88\u77e5\u4e0e\u884c\u7684\u6839\u672c\u5206\u88c2\u3002<\/p>\n
33\uff5c\u5f17\u6717\u897f\u65af\u00b7\u57f9\u6839 Francis Bacon\uff5c1561\u20141626\uff5c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5f3a\u8c03\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3001\u5b9e\u9a8c\u548c\u5f52\u7eb3\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u4f20\u7edf\u3001\u6587\u827a\u590d\u5174\u81ea\u7136\u7814\u7a76 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u628a\u77e5\u8bc6\u751f\u4ea7\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6210\u96c6\u4f53\u3001\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5316\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u64cd\u4f5c\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u65b9\u6cd5\u8bba\u4e0e\u6539\u9020\u81ea\u7136\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n
34\uff5c\u970d\u5e03\u65af Thomas Hobbes\uff5c1588\u20141679\uff5c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u4ece\u4e2a\u4f53\u3001\u81ea\u5229\u3001\u6050\u60e7\u4e0e\u5951\u7ea6\u51fa\u53d1\u6784\u9020\u56fd\u5bb6\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u673a\u68b0\u8bba\u81ea\u7136\u89c2\u3001\u8fd1\u4ee3\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u4f20\u7edf \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u7528\u539f\u5b50\u5316\u4e2a\u4eba\u548c\u5951\u7ea6\u6a21\u578b\u91cd\u5efa\u653f\u6cbb\u79e9\u5e8f\uff0c\u628a\u56fd\u5bb6\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u4eba\u5de5\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n
35\uff5c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14 Ren\u00e9 Descartes\uff5c1596\u20141650\uff5c\u6cd5\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u4ee5\u65b9\u6cd5\u6000\u7591\u548c\u201c\u6211\u601d\u201d\u5efa\u7acb\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4e3b\u4f53\u54f2\u5b66\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u7ecf\u9662\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u6570\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u6000\u7591\u8bba \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u8d77\u70b9\u653e\u5728\u81ea\u6211\u610f\u8bc6\uff0c\u5e76\u5efa\u7acb\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e0e\u5ba2\u4f53\u3001\u5fc3\u7075\u4e0e\u7269\u8d28\u7684\u73b0\u4ee3\u5206\u5272\u3002<\/p>\n
36\uff5c\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e Baruch Spinoza\uff5c1632\u20141677\uff5c\u8377\u5170\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u4e00\u5143\u5b9e\u4f53\u8bba\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u3001\u72b9\u592a\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u7ecf\u9662\u54f2\u5b66 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u7528\u552f\u4e00\u5b9e\u4f53\u53d6\u4ee3\u5fc3\u7269\u4e8c\u5143\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u81ea\u7531\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u5bf9\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n
37\uff5c\u6d1b\u514b John Locke\uff5c1632\u20141704\uff5c\u82f1\u683c\u5170\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8bba\u3001\u4eba\u683c\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u548c\u6743\u5229\u7406\u8bba\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u4f20\u7edf\u3001\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u95ee\u9898\u80cc\u666f \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u77e5\u8bc6\u6765\u6e90\u7cfb\u7edf\u8ffd\u6eaf\u5230\u7ecf\u9a8c\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u4eba\u683c\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u4e0e\u610f\u8bc6\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u800c\u975e\u5b9e\u4f53\u7075\u9b42\u8054\u7cfb\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n
38\uff5c\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz\uff5c1646\u20141716\uff5c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u5355\u5b50\u8bba\u3001\u5145\u8db3\u7406\u7531\u5f8b\u548c\u53ef\u80fd\u4e16\u754c\u7406\u8bba\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u3001\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u3001\u7ecf\u9662\u54f2\u5b66 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u4ee5\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u7684\u8868\u8c61\u4e2d\u5fc3\u89e3\u91ca\u7edf\u4e00\u4e0e\u591a\u6837\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u73b0\u5b9e\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u6700\u4f73\u5b9e\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n
39\uff5c\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1 George Berkeley\uff5c1685\u20141753\uff5c\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u6311\u6218\u72ec\u7acb\u7269\u8d28\u5b9e\u4f53\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u6d1b\u514b\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u53cd\u62bd\u8c61\u89c2\u5ff5\u8bba \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u5b58\u5728\u76f4\u63a5\u7cfb\u4e8e\u88ab\u611f\u77e5\u4e0e\u611f\u77e5\u4e3b\u4f53\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u6d88\u9664\u7269\u8d28\u5b9e\u4f53\u8fd9\u4e00\u4e2d\u95f4\u5c42\u3002<\/p>\n
40\uff5c\u4f11\u8c1f David Hume\uff5c1711\u20141776\uff5c\u82cf\u683c\u5170\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5bf9\u56e0\u679c\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u3001\u5f52\u7eb3\u548c\u7406\u6027\u57fa\u7840\u8fdb\u884c\u7cfb\u7edf\u6000\u7591\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u6d1b\u514b\u3001\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u3001\u725b\u987f\u5f0f\u7ecf\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u628a\u5fc5\u7136\u56e0\u679c\u964d\u4e3a\u4e60\u60ef\u6027\u671f\u5f85\uff0c\u628a\u81ea\u6211\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u77e5\u89c9\u675f\uff0c\u5e76\u63ed\u793a\u5f52\u7eb3\u4e0d\u53ef\u7531\u7eaf\u7406\u6027\u8bc1\u660e\u3002<\/p>\n
41\uff5c\u5362\u68ad Jean-Jacques Rousseau\uff5c1712\u20141778\uff5c\u65e5\u5185\u74e6\uff0f\u6cd5\u8bed\u601d\u60f3\u4f20\u7edf\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u91cd\u6784\u81ea\u7136\u4eba\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u653f\u6cbb\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u81ea\u7136\u6cd5\u4f20\u7edf\u3001\u970d\u5e03\u65af\u3001\u6d1b\u514b\u3001\u542f\u8499\u601d\u60f3 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u4ee5\u516c\u610f\u89e3\u91ca\u653f\u6cbb\u81ea\u4e3b\uff0c\u4f7f\u670d\u4ece\u5171\u540c\u6cd5\u5f8b\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u540c\u4e00\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\u6210\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n
42\uff5c\u5eb7\u5fb7 Immanuel Kant\uff5c1724\u20141804\uff5c\u666e\u9c81\u58eb\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u4ee5\u5148\u9a8c\u54f2\u5b66\u91cd\u6784\u77e5\u8bc6\u3001\u9053\u5fb7\u548c\u5ba1\u7f8e\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u4f11\u8c1f\u3001\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u2014\u6c83\u5c14\u592b\u4f20\u7edf\u3001\u5362\u68ad \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u7ecf\u9a8c\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u653e\u5728\u4e3b\u4f53\u5148\u9a8c\u7ed3\u6784\u4e2d\uff0c\u5e76\u533a\u5206\u73b0\u8c61\u4e0e\u7269\u81ea\u8eab\uff0c\u91cd\u65b0\u5212\u5b9a\u7406\u6027\u8fb9\u754c\u3002<\/p>\n
43\uff5c\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279 Johann Gottlieb Fichte\uff5c1762\u20141814\uff5c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5c06\u4e3b\u4f53\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u80fd\u52a8\u3001\u81ea\u6211\u8bbe\u5b9a\u7684\u539f\u5219\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5eb7\u5fb7 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u628a\u201c\u81ea\u6211\u6d3b\u52a8\u201d\u63d0\u5347\u4e3a\u4f53\u7cfb\u8d77\u70b9\uff0c\u4ee5\u81ea\u6211\u8bbe\u5b9a\u4e0e\u975e\u6211\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u89e3\u91ca\u77e5\u8bc6\u548c\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002<\/p>\n
44\uff5c\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14 G. W. F. Hegel\uff5c1770\u20141831\uff5c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u4ee5\u6982\u5ff5\u53d1\u5c55\u3001\u5426\u5b9a\u548c\u5386\u53f2\u5c55\u5f00\u4e3a\u6838\u5fc3\u7684\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u3001\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279\u3001\u8c22\u6797\u3001\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u54f2\u5b66 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u77db\u76fe\u4e0e\u5426\u5b9a\u5185\u5316\u4e3a\u6982\u5ff5\u81ea\u8eab\u8fd0\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u903b\u8f91\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e0e\u7cbe\u795e\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u540c\u4e00\u53d1\u5c55\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n
45\uff5c\u8c22\u6797 Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling\uff5c1775\u20141854\uff5c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5c1d\u8bd5\u7edf\u4e00\u81ea\u7136\u4e0e\u7cbe\u795e\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u3001\u8d39\u5e0c\u7279 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u628a\u81ea\u7136\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u80fd\u591f\u751f\u6210\u4e3b\u4f53\u6027\u7684\u52a8\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u5e76\u63a2\u7d22\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e0e\u5ba2\u4f53\u4e4b\u524d\u7684\u5171\u540c\u6839\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n
46\uff5c\u53d4\u672c\u534e Arthur Schopenhauer\uff5c1788\u20141860\uff5c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u4ee5\u201c\u610f\u5fd7\u201d\u89e3\u91ca\u4e16\u754c\u6df1\u5c42\u52a8\u529b\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u3001\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u3001\u5370\u5ea6\u601d\u60f3 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u7269\u81ea\u8eab\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u975e\u7406\u6027\u7684\u610f\u5fd7\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6b32\u671b\u7ed3\u6784\u89e3\u91ca\u75db\u82e6\u3001\u5ba1\u7f8e\u548c\u89e3\u8131\u3002<\/p>\n
47\uff5c\u5b54\u5fb7 Auguste Comte\uff5c1798\u20141857\uff5c\u6cd5\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u5b9e\u8bc1\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u79d1\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u542f\u8499\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u5723\u897f\u95e8\u3001\u8fd1\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u77e5\u8bc6\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u9650\u5b9a\u4e8e\u53ef\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u89c4\u5f8b\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u793e\u4f1a\u672c\u8eab\u8bbe\u4e3a\u4e00\u95e8\u7cfb\u7edf\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u3002<\/p>\n
48\uff5c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u65af\u56fe\u4e9a\u7279\u00b7\u5bc6\u5c14 John Stuart Mill\uff5c1806\u20141873\uff5c\u82f1\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u53d1\u5c55\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u81ea\u7531\u539f\u5219\u548c\u73b0\u4ee3\u81ea\u7531\u4e3b\u4e49\u4f26\u7406\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u8fb9\u6c81\u3001\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u00b7\u5bc6\u5c14\u3001\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u628a\u529f\u5229\u539f\u5219\u4e0e\u4e2a\u4f53\u81ea\u7531\u3001\u4eba\u683c\u53d1\u5c55\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5e76\u533a\u5206\u5feb\u4e50\u8d28\u91cf\uff0c\u4fee\u6b63\u65e9\u671f\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n
49\uff5c\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14 S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard\uff5c1813\u20141855\uff5c\u4e39\u9ea6\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5c06\u4e2a\u4f53\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u9009\u62e9\u3001\u7126\u8651\u4e0e\u4fe1\u4ef0\u7f6e\u4e8e\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u5fc3\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u4f20\u7edf\u3001\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u7528\u4e0d\u53ef\u88ab\u4f53\u7cfb\u5438\u6536\u7684\u5355\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f53\u548c\u5b58\u5728\u9009\u62e9\u53cd\u51fb\u603b\u4f53\u5316\u54f2\u5b66\uff0c\u5960\u5b9a\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
50\uff5c\u9a6c\u514b\u601d Karl Marx\uff5c1818\u20141883\uff5c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u4ee5\u751f\u4ea7\u65b9\u5f0f\u3001\u9636\u7ea7\u3001\u5b9e\u8df5\u548c\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u89e3\u91ca\u5386\u53f2\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u3001\u8d39\u5c14\u5df4\u54c8\u3001\u53e4\u5178\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5b66\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u4e3b\u4e49\u601d\u60f3 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u628a\u4eba\u7684\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u7ed3\u6784\u5d4c\u5165\u7269\u8d28\u751f\u4ea7\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u5b9e\u8df5\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u6539\u53d8\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n
51\uff5c\u76ae\u5c14\u58eb Charles Sanders Peirce\uff5c1839\u20141914\uff5c\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u521b\u7acb\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u7b26\u53f7\u5b66\u5e76\u53d1\u5c55\u6eaf\u56e0\u63a8\u7406\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u5b66\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u8df5 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u7b26\u53f7\u2014\u5bf9\u8c61\u2014\u89e3\u91ca\u9879\u4e09\u5143\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u6982\u5ff5\u610f\u4e49\u4e0e\u53ef\u8bbe\u60f3\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u540e\u679c\u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765\u3002<\/p>\n
52\uff5c\u5a01\u5ec9\u00b7\u8a79\u59c6\u65af William James\uff5c1842\u20141910\uff5c\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u53d1\u5c55\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49\u548c\u5f7b\u5e95\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u76ae\u5c14\u58eb\u3001\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u628a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u6bd4\u4e3b\u5ba2\u4f53\u533a\u5206\u66f4\u539f\u521d\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u573a\uff0c\u5e76\u5c06\u771f\u7406\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5728\u5b9e\u8df5\u4e2d\u5f97\u5230\u786e\u8ba4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n
53\uff5c\u5c3c\u91c7 Friedrich Nietzsche\uff5c1844\u20141900\uff5c\u5fb7\u610f\u5fd7\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u4ee5\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u548c\u4ef7\u503c\u91cd\u4f30\u6311\u6218\u4f20\u7edf\u771f\u7406\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u53d4\u672c\u534e\u3001\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u57fa\u7763\u6559\u6279\u5224 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u4ef7\u503c\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u751f\u6210\u53f2\u53d8\u6210\u7814\u7a76\u5bf9\u8c61\uff0c\u4ee5\u6743\u529b\u3001\u751f\u547d\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\u5173\u7cfb\u66ff\u4ee3\u56fa\u5b9a\u9053\u5fb7\u6839\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n
54\uff5c\u5f17\u96f7\u683c Gottlob Frege\uff5c1848\u20141925\uff5c\u5fb7\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u73b0\u4ee3\u8c13\u8bcd\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u91cd\u6784\u610f\u4e49\u548c\u6307\u79f0\u95ee\u9898\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u6570\u5b66\u3001\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u903b\u8f91\u3001\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u903b\u8f91\u7406\u60f3 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u53d1\u660e\u91cf\u8bcd\u5316\u7684\u51fd\u6570\u2014\u8bba\u5143\u903b\u8f91\uff0c\u5e76\u4e25\u683c\u533a\u5206\u610f\u4e49\u4e0e\u6307\u79f0\uff0c\u4e3a\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b66\u5efa\u7acb\u6280\u672f\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n
55\uff5c\u80e1\u585e\u5c14 Edmund Husserl\uff5c1859\u20141938\uff5c\u5fb7\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u521b\u7acb\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5e03\u4f26\u5854\u8bfa\u3001\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u3001\u5eb7\u5fb7 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u4ee5\u60ac\u7f6e\u548c\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u8fd8\u539f\u7814\u7a76\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u610f\u5411\u6027\u6784\u6210\uff0c\u4f7f\u201c\u4e8b\u7269\u5982\u4f55\u663e\u73b0\u201d\u6210\u4e3a\u4e25\u683c\u54f2\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n
56\uff5c\u675c\u5a01 John Dewey\uff5c1859\u20141952\uff5c\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u5b9e\u8df5\u6027\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u5de5\u5177\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u8a79\u59c6\u65af\u3001\u76ae\u5c14\u58eb\u3001\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u3001\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u8ba4\u8bc6\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u6709\u673a\u4f53\u89e3\u51b3\u73af\u5883\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6d88\u89e3\u7406\u8bba\u4e0e\u5b9e\u8df5\u7684\u786c\u6027\u5206\u88c2\u3002<\/p>\n
57\uff5c\u67cf\u683c\u68ee Henri Bergson\uff5c1859\u20141941\uff5c\u6cd5\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u533a\u5206\u7a7a\u95f4\u5316\u65f6\u95f4\u4e0e\u7ef5\u5ef6\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u8fdb\u5316\u8bba\u3001\u8fd1\u4ee3\u65f6\u95f4\u89c2 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u4e0d\u53ef\u5206\u5272\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4f5c\u4e3a\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0e\u751f\u547d\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u65f6\u95f4\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u53cd\u5bf9\u628a\u65f6\u95f4\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u7a7a\u95f4\u5e8f\u5217\u3002<\/p>\n
58\uff5c\u6000\u7279\u6d77 Alfred North Whitehead\uff5c1861\u20141947\uff5c\u82f1\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u8fc7\u7a0b\u54f2\u5b66\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u6570\u5b66\u903b\u8f91\u3001\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u3001\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u3001\u73b0\u4ee3\u79d1\u5b66 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u7528\u4e8b\u4ef6\u3001\u8fc7\u7a0b\u548c\u5173\u7cfb\u53d6\u4ee3\u9759\u6001\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u628a\u73b0\u5b9e\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5355\u4f4d\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u751f\u6210\u6027\u7684\u201c\u5b9e\u9645\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n
59\uff5c\u7f57\u7d20 Bertrand Russell\uff5c1872\u20141970\uff5c\u82f1\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u63a8\u52a8\u903b\u8f91\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u903b\u8f91\u5206\u6790\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5f17\u96f7\u683c\u3001\u83b1\u5e03\u5c3c\u8328\u3001\u82f1\u56fd\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u7528\u903b\u8f91\u5f62\u5f0f\u63ed\u793a\u65e5\u5e38\u8bed\u53e5\u80cc\u540e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u6479\u72b6\u8bcd\u7406\u8bba\u5f00\u521b\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u5178\u578b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n
60\uff5c\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766 Ludwig Wittgenstein\uff5c1889\u20141951\uff5c\u5965\u5730\u5229\uff0f\u82f1\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u524d\u540e\u671f\u4e24\u6b21\u91cd\u5851\u8bed\u8a00\u54f2\u5b66\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5f17\u96f7\u683c\u3001\u7f57\u7d20 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u524d\u671f\u4ee5\u903b\u8f91\u56fe\u50cf\u89e3\u91ca\u8bed\u8a00\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u540c\u6784\uff0c\u540e\u671f\u4ee5\u8bed\u8a00\u6e38\u620f\u548c\u751f\u6d3b\u5f62\u5f0f\u628a\u610f\u4e49\u8f6c\u5411\u5b9e\u9645\u4f7f\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n
61\uff5c\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14 Martin Heidegger\uff5c1889\u20141976\uff5c\u5fb7\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u91cd\u65b0\u63d0\u51fa\u5b58\u5728\u95ee\u9898\u5e76\u53d1\u5c55\u6b64\u5728\u5206\u6790\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u3001\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u3001\u514b\u5c14\u51ef\u90ed\u5c14 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u533a\u5206\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u8005\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u5728\u4e16\u5b58\u5728\u3001\u5173\u5207\u4e0e\u65f6\u95f4\u6027\u91cd\u6784\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u8d77\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n
62\uff5c\u5361\u5c14\u7eb3\u666e Rudolf Carnap\uff5c1891\u20141970\uff5c\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0f\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5c06\u903b\u8f91\u5206\u6790\u53d1\u5c55\u4e3a\u7cfb\u7edf\u54f2\u5b66\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5f17\u96f7\u683c\u3001\u7f57\u7d20\u3001\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u3001\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u5b66\u6d3e \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u628a\u8bb8\u591a\u54f2\u5b66\u4e89\u8bba\u91cd\u65b0\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u8bed\u8a00\u6846\u67b6\u9009\u62e9\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u63a8\u8fdb\u903b\u8f91\u53e5\u6cd5\u548c\u8bed\u4e49\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/p>\n
63\uff5c\u6ce2\u666e\u5c14 Karl Popper\uff5c1902\u20141994\uff5c\u5965\u5730\u5229\uff0f\u82f1\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u4ee5\u53ef\u8bc1\u4f2a\u6027\u91cd\u6784\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u4f11\u8c1f\u3001\u5eb7\u5fb7\u3001\u7ef4\u4e5f\u7eb3\u5b66\u6d3e\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u5b9e\u8df5 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u7528\u53ef\u53cd\u9a73\u6027\u53d6\u4ee3\u53ef\u8bc1\u5b9e\u6027\u4f5c\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u5212\u754c\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u77e5\u8bc6\u8fdb\u6b65\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u731c\u60f3\u4e0e\u6279\u5224\u3002<\/p>\n
64\uff5c\u8428\u7279 Jean-Paul Sartre\uff5c1905\u20141980\uff5c\u6cd5\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5c06\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u7cfb\u7edf\u5316\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u3001\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u3001\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u628a\u610f\u8bc6\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u865a\u65e0\u5316\u6d3b\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u7531\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u5148\u4e8e\u672c\u8d28\u201d\u63a8\u51fa\u6781\u7aef\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u8d23\u4efb\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
65\uff5c\u963f\u4f26\u7279 Hannah Arendt\uff5c1906\u20141975\uff5c\u5fb7\u56fd\uff0f\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u4ee5\u884c\u52a8\u3001\u516c\u5171\u7a7a\u95f4\u548c\u6743\u529b\u91cd\u6784\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u3001\u96c5\u65af\u8d1d\u5c14\u65af\u3001\u53e4\u5e0c\u814a\u653f\u6cbb\u7ecf\u9a8c \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u533a\u5206\u52b3\u52a8\u3001\u5de5\u4f5c\u4e0e\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u653f\u6cbb\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u591a\u5143\u4e3b\u4f53\u5728\u516c\u5171\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e2d\u7684\u5171\u540c\u663e\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n
66\uff5c\u5217\u7ef4\u7eb3\u65af Emmanuel Levinas\uff5c1906\u20141995\uff5c\u7acb\u9676\u5b9b\uff0f\u6cd5\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5c06\u4ed6\u8005\u7f6e\u4e8e\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e4b\u524d\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u3001\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u3001\u72b9\u592a\u601d\u60f3 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u628a\u9762\u5bf9\u4ed6\u8005\u6240\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u4f26\u7406\u8d23\u4efb\u8bbe\u4e3a\u6bd4\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u8ba4\u77e5\u66f4\u539f\u521d\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n
67\uff5c\u6885\u6d1b-\u5e9e\u8482 Maurice Merleau-Ponty\uff5c1908\u20141961\uff5c\u6cd5\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u5177\u8eab\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u3001\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u3001\u683c\u5f0f\u5854\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u628a\u8eab\u4f53\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e0e\u4e16\u754c\u4ea4\u63a5\u7684\u539f\u521d\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u53d6\u6d88\u7eaf\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0e\u5ba2\u89c2\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u7b80\u5355\u5bf9\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n
68\uff5c\u594e\u56e0 W. V. O. Quine\uff5c1908\u20142000\uff5c\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u6279\u5224\u5206\u6790\uff0f\u7efc\u5408\u533a\u5206\uff0c\u53d1\u5c55\u77e5\u8bc6\u6574\u4f53\u8bba\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5361\u5c14\u7eb3\u666e\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5b9e\u7528\u4e3b\u4e49 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u77e5\u8bc6\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u6574\u4f53\u7f51\u7edc\u9762\u5bf9\u7ecf\u9a8c\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u5e76\u63a8\u52a8\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0e\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u8fde\u7eed\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n
69\uff5c\u5217\u7ef4-\u65af\u7279\u52b3\u65af Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss\uff5c1908\u20142009\uff5c\u6cd5\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5c06\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u7cfb\u7edf\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6587\u5316\u4e0e\u4eba\u7c7b\u601d\u60f3\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u7d22\u7eea\u5c14\u8bed\u8a00\u5b66\u3001\u6d82\u5c14\u5e72\u3001\u83ab\u65af \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u628a\u4eb2\u5c5e\u3001\u795e\u8bdd\u7b49\u6587\u5316\u73b0\u8c61\u89e3\u91ca\u4e3a\u6df1\u5c42\u5173\u7cfb\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5b64\u7acb\u5185\u5bb9\u6216\u4e2a\u4eba\u610f\u56fe\u3002<\/p>\n
70\uff5c\u7f57\u5c14\u65af John Rawls\uff5c1921\u20142002\uff5c\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u4ee5\u539f\u521d\u72b6\u6001\u548c\u65e0\u77e5\u4e4b\u5e55\u91cd\u5efa\u89c4\u8303\u653f\u6cbb\u54f2\u5b66\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5eb7\u5fb7\u3001\u793e\u4f1a\u5951\u7ea6\u4f20\u7edf\u3001\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e89\u8bba \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u53d1\u660e\u4e00\u79cd\u516c\u5e73\u7a0b\u5e8f\u6765\u9009\u62e9\u6b63\u4e49\u539f\u5219\uff0c\u4f7f\u5236\u5ea6\u6b63\u4e49\u91cd\u65b0\u83b7\u5f97\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u975e\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u57fa\u7840\u3002<\/p>\n
71\uff5c\u5e93\u6069 Thomas Kuhn\uff5c1922\u20141996\uff5c\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u4ee5\u8303\u5f0f\u548c\u79d1\u5b66\u9769\u547d\u6539\u53d8\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u89c2\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2\u3001\u6ce2\u666e\u5c14\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e3b\u4e49\u80cc\u666f \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u79d1\u5b66\u8fdb\u6b65\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u5e38\u89c4\u79d1\u5b66\u4e0e\u8303\u5f0f\u8f6c\u6362\u4ea4\u66ff\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5355\u4e00\u89c4\u5219\u4e0b\u7684\u8fde\u7eed\u7d2f\u79ef\u3002<\/p>\n
72\uff5c\u5fb7\u52d2\u5179 Gilles Deleuze\uff5c1925\u20141995\uff5c\u6cd5\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u53d1\u5c55\u5dee\u5f02\u3001\u751f\u6210\u3001\u591a\u91cd\u6027\u548c\u6839\u830e\u6982\u5ff5\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5c3c\u91c7\u3001\u65af\u5bbe\u8bfa\u838e\u3001\u67cf\u683c\u68ee\u3001\u4f11\u8c1f \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u201c\u5dee\u5f02\u672c\u8eab\u201d\u800c\u975e\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u8bbe\u4e3a\u54f2\u5b66\u8d77\u70b9\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u591a\u91cd\u751f\u6210\u53d6\u4ee3\u6811\u72b6\u3001\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5316\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
73\uff5c\u798f\u67ef Michel Foucault\uff5c1926\u20141984\uff5c\u6cd5\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5efa\u7acb\u77e5\u8bc6\u2014\u6743\u529b\u2014\u4e3b\u4f53\u5316\u5206\u6790\u6846\u67b6\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5c3c\u91c7\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u53f2 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u7528\u8003\u53e4\u5b66\u548c\u8c31\u7cfb\u5b66\u63ed\u793a\u771f\u7406\u4f53\u5236\u4e0e\u4e3b\u4f53\u5982\u4f55\u88ab\u5386\u53f2\u5b9e\u8df5\u5171\u540c\u751f\u4ea7\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u9884\u5148\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n
74\uff5c\u666e\u7279\u5357 Hilary Putnam\uff5c1926\u20142016\uff5c\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5728\u5fc3\u7075\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u548c\u5b9e\u5728\u8bba\u95ee\u9898\u4e0a\u63d0\u51fa\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u8bed\u4e49\u5916\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u594e\u56e0\u3001\u79d1\u5b66\u54f2\u5b66 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u6309\u529f\u80fd\u89d2\u8272\u754c\u5b9a\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u201c\u610f\u4e49\u4e0d\u53ea\u5728\u5934\u8111\u4e2d\u201d\u6539\u53d8\u610f\u4e49\u4e0e\u73af\u5883\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n
75\uff5c\u54c8\u8d1d\u9a6c\u65af J\u00fcrgen Habermas\uff5c1929\u2014\uff5c\u5fb7\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u4ee5\u4ea4\u5f80\u7406\u6027\u3001\u516c\u5171\u9886\u57df\u548c\u8bdd\u8bed\u4f26\u7406\u91cd\u6784\u73b0\u4ee3\u5408\u7406\u6027\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u6cd5\u5170\u514b\u798f\u5b66\u6d3e\u3001\u97e6\u4f2f\u3001\u5eb7\u5fb7\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u54f2\u5b66 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u7406\u6027\u4ece\u5b64\u7acb\u4e3b\u4f53\u8f6c\u5411\u4e3b\u4f53\u95f4\u53ef\u8bba\u8bc1\u7684\u4ea4\u5f80\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f7f\u89c4\u8303\u5408\u6cd5\u6027\u4e0e\u516c\u5171\u8bba\u8bc1\u76f8\u8fde\u63a5\u3002<\/p>\n
76\uff5c\u5fb7\u91cc\u8fbe Jacques Derrida\uff5c1930\u20142004\uff5c\u6cd5\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u89e3\u6784\u548c\u5ef6\u5f02\u6311\u6218\u56fa\u5b9a\u610f\u4e49\u4e0e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7ed3\u6784\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u3001\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u3001\u7ed3\u6784\u4e3b\u4e49 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u63ed\u793a\u6982\u5ff5\u610f\u4e49\u4f9d\u8d56\u5dee\u5f02\u4e0e\u5ef6\u5b95\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u4e8c\u5143\u5bf9\u7acb\u5185\u90e8\u7684\u4e0d\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u53d8\u6210\u54f2\u5b66\u5206\u6790\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n
77\uff5c\u7ea6\u7ff0\u00b7\u585e\u5c14 John Searle\uff5c1932\u20142025\uff5c\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u8fde\u63a5\u8a00\u8bed\u884c\u4e3a\u3001\u610f\u5411\u6027\u3001\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u73b0\u5b9e\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5965\u65af\u6c40\u3001\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u4f20\u7edf\u3001\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b66 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u7cfb\u7edf\u53d1\u5c55\u8a00\u8bed\u884c\u4e3a\u5206\u7c7b\u3001\u96c6\u4f53\u610f\u5411\u6027\u548c\u5236\u5ea6\u4e8b\u5b9e\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u201c\u4e2d\u6587\u623f\u95f4\u201d\u533a\u5206\u53e5\u6cd5\u4e0e\u7406\u89e3\u3002<\/p>\n
78\uff5c\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u5185\u683c\u5c14 Thomas Nagel\uff5c1937\u2014\uff5c\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u7a81\u51fa\u610f\u8bc6\u4e0d\u53ef\u88ab\u5b8c\u5168\u8fd8\u539f\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u6027\u8d28\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5206\u6790\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u5fc3\u7075\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u53cd\u8fd8\u539f\u8bba \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u4ee5\u201c\u6210\u4e3a\u67d0\u7269\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u611f\u89c9\u201d\u660e\u786e\u533a\u5206\u4e3b\u89c2\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e0e\u7b2c\u4e09\u4eba\u79f0\u7269\u7406\u63cf\u8ff0\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u9e3f\u6c9f\u3002<\/p>\n
79\uff5c\u7d22\u5c14\u00b7\u514b\u91cc\u666e\u514b Saul Kripke\uff5c1940\u20142022\uff5c\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u91cd\u6784\u6a21\u6001\u903b\u8f91\u3001\u6307\u79f0\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u5f17\u96f7\u683c\u3001\u7f57\u7d20\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u8bed\u4e49\u5b66 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u4ee5\u521a\u6027\u6307\u79f0\u548c\u53ef\u80fd\u4e16\u754c\u8bed\u4e49\u8bf4\u660e\u540e\u9a8c\u5fc5\u7136\u6027\uff0c\u6253\u7834\u201c\u5fc5\u7136\u7b49\u4e8e\u5148\u9a8c\u201d\u7684\u4f20\u7edf\u7ed1\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n
80\uff5c\u5fb7\u91cc\u514b\u00b7\u5e15\u83f2\u7279 Derek Parfit\uff5c1942\u20142017\uff5c\u82f1\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u91cd\u6784\u4eba\u683c\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u3001\u7406\u7531\u7406\u8bba\u548c\u4ee3\u9645\u4f26\u7406\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u4f11\u8c1f\u3001\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u5206\u6790\u4f26\u7406\u5b66 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u4eba\u683c\u540c\u4e00\u6027\u964d\u4e3a\u5fc3\u7406\u8fde\u7eed\u6027\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u5e76\u8bc1\u660e\u201c\u4e25\u683c\u540c\u4e00\u201d\u672a\u5fc5\u662f\u751f\u5b58\u4e0e\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u3002<\/p>\n
81\uff5c\u4e39\u5c3c\u5c14\u00b7\u4e39\u5c3c\u7279 Daniel Dennett\uff5c1942\u20142024\uff5c\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u4ee5\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u89e3\u91ca\u610f\u8bc6\u3001\u610f\u5411\u6027\u548c\u81ea\u6211\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u8d56\u5c14\u3001\u594e\u56e0\u3001\u8fbe\u5c14\u6587\u4e3b\u4e49\u3001\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u4ee5\u610f\u5411\u7acb\u573a\u3001\u591a\u91cd\u8349\u7a3f\u548c\u8fdb\u5316\u89e3\u91ca\u628a\u5fc3\u7075\u7406\u89e3\u4e3a\u53ef\u7531\u529f\u80fd\u4e0e\u673a\u5236\u9010\u5c42\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u7cfb\u7edf\u3002<\/p>\n
82\uff5c\u5f7c\u5f97\u00b7\u8f9b\u683c Peter Singer\uff5c1946\u2014\uff5c\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u5c06\u7ed3\u679c\u4e3b\u4e49\u7cfb\u7edf\u6269\u5c55\u5230\u52a8\u7269\u4f26\u7406\u3001\u5168\u7403\u8d2b\u56f0\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u4f26\u7406\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u8fb9\u6c81\u3001\u5bc6\u5c14\u3001\u529f\u5229\u4e3b\u4e49 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u9053\u5fb7\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u7684\u8fb9\u754c\u4ece\u7269\u79cd\u6210\u5458\u8eab\u4efd\u8f6c\u5411\u53ef\u611f\u53d7\u5229\u76ca\uff0c\u5e76\u628a\u8fdc\u8ddd\u79bb\u63f4\u52a9\u53d8\u6210\u4e25\u683c\u4f26\u7406\u4e49\u52a1\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n
83\uff5c\u739b\u838e\u00b7\u52aa\u65af\u9c8d\u59c6 Martha Nussbaum\uff5c1947\u2014\uff5c\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u53d1\u5c55\u80fd\u529b\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u3001\u7f57\u5c14\u65af\u3001\u963f\u9a6c\u8482\u4e9a\u00b7\u68ee \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u5c06\u6b63\u4e49\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5355\u4f4d\u4ece\u8d44\u6e90\u6216\u6548\u7528\u8f6c\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5b9e\u9645\u80fd\u591f\u6210\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u3001\u505a\u4ec0\u4e48\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n
84\uff5c\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u67e5\u5c14\u9ed8\u65af David Chalmers\uff5c1966\u2014\uff5c\u6fb3\u5927\u5229\u4e9a\uff0f\u7f8e\u56fd\u3002\u4e3b\u8981\u7ed3\u6784\u6027\u8d21\u732e\uff1a\u660e\u786e\u63d0\u51fa\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u201c\u56f0\u96be\u95ee\u9898\u201d\u5e76\u91cd\u542f\u610f\u8bc6\u5f62\u800c\u4e0a\u5b66\u3002 \u4e3b\u8981\u7ee7\u627f\uff0f\u56de\u5e94\uff1a\u514b\u91cc\u666e\u514b\u3001\u5fc3\u7075\u54f2\u5b66\u3001\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66 \u771f\u6b63\u65b0\u589e\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff1a\u4e25\u683c\u533a\u5206\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u89e3\u91ca\u4e0e\u4e3b\u89c2\u4f53\u9a8c\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5e76\u4ee5\u81ea\u7136\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba\u7b49\u65b9\u6848\u91cd\u65b0\u6253\u5f00\u610f\u8bc6\u672c\u4f53\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n
\u4f7f\u7528\u8fd9\u5f20\u8868\u65f6\u5e94\u6ce8\u610f\u7684\u6807\u51c6<\/p>\n
\u8fd984\u4eba\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u6700\u4f1f\u5927\u768484\u4f4d\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u201d\u7684\u6392\u540d\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u5173\u5fc3\u7684\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u66f4\u7a84\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014\u4ed6\u4eec\u662f\u5426\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/p>\n
\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u5224\u65ad\u8fdb\u4e00\u6b65\u538b\u7f29\u6210\u4e09\u4e2a\u5c42\u7ea7\u3002<\/p>\n
\u7b2c\u4e00\u5c42\u662f\u57fa\u7840\u7ed3\u6784\u521b\u9020\u3002 \u8fd9\u7c7b\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u54f2\u5b66\u4ece\u54ea\u91cc\u51fa\u53d1\u3001\u4ec0\u4e48\u7b97\u4f5c\u57fa\u672c\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u4e16\u754c\u3001\u4eba\u3001\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e4b\u95f4\u6700\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u5982\u4f55\u89c4\u5b9a\u3002\u67cf\u62c9\u56fe\u3001\u4e9a\u91cc\u58eb\u591a\u5fb7\u3001\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u3001\u5eb7\u5fb7\u3001\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u3001\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u3001\u7ef4\u7279\u6839\u65af\u5766\u3001\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u7b49\u5c5e\u4e8e\u8fd9\u4e00\u5c42\u7684\u5178\u578b\u4eba\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n
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