{"id":16852,"date":"2026-08-12T13:32:00","date_gmt":"2026-08-12T03:32:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/?p=16852"},"modified":"2026-08-12T12:15:50","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T02:15:50","slug":"does-a-good-teacher-pass-on-answers-or-a-way-of-seeing-problems","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/does-a-good-teacher-pass-on-answers-or-a-way-of-seeing-problems\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4e00\u4f4d\u597d\u8001\u5e08\u4f20\u9012\u7684\uff0c\u662f\u7b54\u6848\u8fd8\u662f\u770b\u95ee\u9898\u7684\u65b9\u6cd5\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"<\/p>\n<p><em>\u300a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u600e\u6837\u5f62\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u300b\u00b7 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b63\u201c\u4ed6\u4eba\u3001\u5bf9\u8bdd\u4e0e\u5171\u540c\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\u00b7 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apprenticeship\uff09\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u4e3b\u5f20\u4e4b\u4e00\uff0c\u6b63\u662f\u8ba9\u539f\u672c\u4e0d\u53ef\u89c1\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u53d8\u5f97\u53ef\u89c1\uff1a\u6559\u5e08\u4e0d\u4ec5\u505a\u7ed9\u5b66\u751f\u770b\uff0c\u8fd8\u8bf4\u660e\u81ea\u5df1\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u505c\u4e0b\u3001\u6392\u9664\u53e6\u4e00\u4e2a\u65b9\u5411\u3001\u68c0\u67e5\u67d0\u4e2a\u5047\u8bbe\uff0c\u5e76\u9010\u6b65\u64a4\u53bb\u652f\u6301\u3002\u5b83\u628a\u6559\u5b66\u4ece\u201c\u5c55\u793a\u6210\u54c1\u201d\u8f6c\u5411\u201c\u5c55\u793a\u5224\u65ad\u600e\u6837\u5de5\u4f5c\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5b66\u751f\u9700\u8981\u5148\u66b4\u9732\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u9519\u8bef\u7ed3\u6784<\/h2>\n<p>\u8001\u5e08\u76f4\u63a5\u7ed9\u51fa\u6e05\u695a\u89e3\u91ca\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u6709\u6548\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u65f6\u592a\u6709\u6548\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u8ddf\u968f\u89e3\u91ca\u65f6\u611f\u5230\u6bcf\u4e00\u6b65\u90fd\u5408\u7406\uff0c\u4e8e\u662f\u628a\u201c\u6211\u80fd\u591f\u8ba4\u51fa\u8fd9\u6761\u8def\u201d\u8bef\u5f53\u6210\u201c\u6211\u80fd\u591f\u72ec\u7acb\u627e\u5230\u8fd9\u6761\u8def\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u81ea\u6211\u89e3\u91ca\u7814\u7a76\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u751f\u6210\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002Chi \u7b49\u4eba\u89c2\u5bdf\u5b66\u751f\u600e\u6837\u5b66\u4e60\u7269\u7406\u4f8b\u9898\uff0c\u53d1\u73b0\u8868\u73b0\u8f83\u597d\u7684\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u4f1a\u66f4\u9891\u7e41\u5730\u89e3\u91ca\u6b65\u9aa4\u3001\u628a\u64cd\u4f5c\u8fde\u63a5\u5230\u539f\u7406\uff0c\u5e76\u8f83\u51c6\u786e\u5730\u76d1\u63a7\u81ea\u5df1\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u89e3\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff1b\u4ed6\u4eec\u56e0\u6b64\u5f62\u6210\u8f83\u5c11\u4f9d\u8d56\u539f\u4f8b\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15516709cog1302_1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u5173\u4e8e\u81ea\u6211\u89e3\u91ca\u7684\u7ecf\u5178\u7814\u7a76<\/a>\u4e0d\u80fd\u88ab\u7b80\u5316\u6210\u201c\u53ea\u8981\u591a\u8bf4\u8bdd\u5c31\u4f1a\u5b66\u5f97\u597d\u201d\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u8bf4\u660e\u7406\u89e3\u9700\u8981\u5b66\u4e60\u8005\u4e3b\u52a8\u5efa\u7acb\u6b65\u9aa4\u4e0e\u539f\u5219\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u201c\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u5931\u8d25\u201d\uff08productive failure\uff09\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u5219\u63a2\u7d22\u53e6\u4e00\u79cd\u987a\u5e8f\uff1a\u5148\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u9762\u5bf9\u5c1a\u672a\u5b66\u4f1a\u7684\u65b0\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5c1d\u8bd5\u4ea7\u751f\u4e0d\u5b8c\u6574\u751a\u81f3\u9519\u8bef\u7684\u65b9\u6848\uff0c\u518d\u7531\u6559\u5e08\u7ec4\u7ec7\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c\u6b63\u5f0f\u8bb2\u89e3\u3002\u5728\u7279\u5b9a\u6570\u5b66\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u4efb\u52a1\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u95ee\u9898\u5728\u524d\u3001\u6559\u5b66\u5728\u540e\u201d\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u80fd\u591f\u63d0\u9ad8\u6982\u5ff5\u7406\u89e3\u4e0e\u8fc1\u79fb\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/23735082.2015.1002195\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kapur \u5bf9\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u7efc\u8ff0<\/a>\u540c\u65f6\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u5b83\u4e0d\u662f\u653e\u4efb\u5b66\u751f\u81ea\u884c\u6323\u624e\uff1b\u63a2\u7d22\u4e4b\u540e\u5fc5\u987b\u6709\u6574\u5408\u548c\u77e5\u8bc6\u5efa\u6784\u9636\u6bb5\u3002\u5176\u4ed6\u7814\u7a76\u4e5f\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u8bbe\u8ba1\u662f\u5426\u5fe0\u5b9e\u3001\u4efb\u52a1\u662f\u5426\u5408\u9002\uff0c\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u5b83\u80fd\u5426\u594f\u6548\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/89k7p1wr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u5173\u4e8e\u751f\u4ea7\u6027\u5931\u8d25\u4f55\u65f6\u5931\u8d25\u7684\u5206\u6790<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u91cc\u771f\u6b63\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u628a\u5931\u8d25\u6d6a\u6f2b\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8ba9\u5b66\u751f\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u7ed3\u6784\u5148\u51fa\u73b0\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u9519\u8bef\u7b54\u6848\u53ef\u4ee5\u544a\u8bc9\u8001\u5e08\uff1a\u5b66\u751f\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u54ea\u4e2a\u53d8\u91cf\uff0c\u628a\u54ea\u4e24\u4e2a\u6982\u5ff5\u6df7\u5728\u4e00\u8d77\uff0c\u6216\u8005\u53ea\u662f\u80cc\u4e0b\u7a0b\u5e8f\u5374\u6ca1\u6709\u7406\u89e3\u9002\u7528\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u6559\u5b66\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u518d\u5411\u4e00\u4e2a\u5047\u60f3\u7684\u7a7a\u767d\u5934\u8111\u8f93\u9001\u5185\u5bb9\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u5df2\u7ecf\u5f62\u6210\u4f46\u9700\u8981\u4fee\u6b63\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0a\u5de5\u4f5c\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u597d\u8001\u5e08\u4f20\u9012\u7684\u662f\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u53ef\u4fee\u6b63\u6027<\/h2>\n<p>\u201c\u65b9\u6cd5\u201d\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bcd\u5e38\u88ab\u8bef\u89e3\u4e3a\u4e00\u5957\u7a33\u5b9a\u6b65\u9aa4\u3002\u53ef\u662f\u5728\u771f\u5b9e\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e2d\uff0c\u91cd\u8981\u80fd\u529b\u5305\u62ec\u77e5\u9053\u4f55\u65f6\u4e0d\u5e94\u7ee7\u7eed\u4f7f\u7528\u539f\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5386\u53f2\u6750\u6599\u9700\u8981\u6838\u5bf9\u6765\u6e90\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u540c\u6750\u6599\u4e0d\u80fd\u53ea\u6309\u201c\u662f\u5426\u5ba2\u89c2\u201d\u6392\u5e8f\uff1b\u7edf\u8ba1\u6a21\u578b\u9700\u8981\u68c0\u9a8c\uff0c\u4f46\u4e00\u4e2a\u9ad8\u9884\u6d4b\u51c6\u786e\u7387\u4e0d\u80fd\u81ea\u52a8\u56de\u7b54\u653f\u7b56\u662f\u5426\u516c\u5e73\uff1b\u6587\u5b66\u6587\u672c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7ec6\u8bfb\uff0c\u5374\u4e0d\u80fd\u56e0\u6b64\u5ffd\u7565\u4f5c\u54c1\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u8bed\u5883\u3002\u9886\u57df\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4e0d\u53ef\u88ab\u4e00\u79cd\u901a\u7528\u601d\u7ef4\u672f\u53d6\u4ee3\uff0c\u6b63\u56e0\u4e3a\u4e0d\u540c\u5bf9\u8c61\u5141\u8bb8\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\u3001\u89e3\u91ca\u548c\u53cd\u4f8b\u4e0d\u540c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u597d\u8001\u5e08\u4f1a\u9010\u6e10\u4ea4\u7ed9\u5b66\u751f\u51e0\u79cd\u5224\u65ad\uff1a\u600e\u6837\u53d1\u73b0\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u7406\u89e3\u53ea\u662f\u719f\u6089\u611f\uff1b\u600e\u6837\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u770b\u4f3c\u53ef\u884c\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u4e4b\u95f4\u5bfb\u627e\u80fd\u533a\u5206\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u8bc1\u636e\uff1b\u600e\u6837\u627f\u8ba4\u201c\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u201d\u800c\u4e0d\u505c\u6b62\u5b66\u4e60\uff1b\u600e\u6837\u5728\u7ed3\u8bba\u6539\u53d8\u65f6\u4fdd\u7559\u4e00\u6761\u53ef\u8bf4\u660e\u7684\u4fee\u6b63\u8def\u5f84\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u6bd4\u5355\u7eaf\u201c\u57f9\u517b\u72ec\u7acb\u601d\u8003\u201d\u66f4\u5177\u4f53\u3002\u72ec\u7acb\u4e0d\u662f\u62d2\u7edd\u8001\u5e08\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5728\u6700\u521d\u501f\u52a9\u8001\u5e08\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u793a\u8303\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u5728\u65b0\u60c5\u5883\u4e2d\u7ee7\u7eed\u63d0\u51fa\u540c\u7c7b\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5728\u51fa\u73b0\u53cd\u8bc1\u65f6\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u9760\u8001\u5e08\u7684\u6743\u5a01\u624d\u5141\u8bb8\u81ea\u5df1\u4fee\u6539\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u4f20\u9012\u7684\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u6b63\u786e\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7ea0\u9519\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u770b\u5230\u6559\u5e08\u600e\u6837\u5904\u7406\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u53e3\u8bef\u3001\u8fc7\u65f6\u8d44\u6599\u6216\u4e00\u4e2a\u771f\u6b63\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u4f1a\u5b66\u5230\u77e5\u8bc6\u6743\u5a01\u662f\u5426\u5141\u8bb8\u4fee\u6b63\u3002\u4e00\u4f4d\u6c38\u8fdc\u8868\u6f14\u786e\u5b9a\u6027\u7684\u6559\u5e08\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u7ed9\u51fa\u8bb8\u591a\u6b63\u786e\u7b54\u6848\uff0c\u5374\u540c\u65f6\u6559\u4f1a\u5b66\u751f\uff1a\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u7f9e\u803b\uff0c\u6539\u53d8\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u5931\u8d25\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>AI\u80fd\u56de\u7b54\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u5374\u672a\u5fc5\u77e5\u9053\u4f55\u65f6\u4e0d\u8be5\u7acb\u5373\u56de\u7b54<\/h2>\n<p>\u751f\u6210\u5f0fAI\u4f7f\u201c\u5f97\u5230\u7b54\u6848\u201d\u51e0\u4e4e\u6ca1\u6709\u7b49\u5f85\u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u5b66\u751f\u53ef\u4ee5\u8981\u6c42\u89e3\u91ca\u516c\u5f0f\u3001\u603b\u7ed3\u7ae0\u8282\u3001\u751f\u6210\u8bba\u6587\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u8ba9\u7cfb\u7edf\u6a21\u4eff\u82cf\u683c\u62c9\u5e95\u5f0f\u63d0\u95ee\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u53ef\u7528\u6027\u4e3a\u4e2a\u522b\u5316\u7ec3\u4e60\u548c\u5373\u65f6\u53cd\u9988\u6253\u5f00\u4e86\u771f\u5b9e\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u4e5f\u4f7f\u6559\u5b66\u7684\u987a\u5e8f\u95ee\u9898\u66f4\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u679c\u5b66\u751f\u5728\u5c1a\u672a\u5f62\u6210\u95ee\u9898\u8868\u5f81\u4ee5\u524d\u7acb\u5373\u5f97\u5230\u5b8c\u6574\u7b54\u6848\uff0cAI\u4f1a\u66ff\u4ed6\u5b8c\u6210\u6700\u9700\u8981\u66b4\u9732\u7684\u90a3\u6bb5\u601d\u8003\u3002\u7ed3\u679c\u53ef\u80fd\u662f\u4f5c\u4e1a\u66f4\u5feb\u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u6559\u5e08\u5374\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u9519\u8bef\u6240\u63d0\u4f9b\u7684\u8bca\u65ad\u4fe1\u606f\uff0c\u5b66\u751f\u4e5f\u5931\u53bb\u4e86\u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href=\"https:\/\/www.nationalacademies.org\/publications\/6160\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School \u2014 National Academies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207\/s15516709cog1302_1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Self-Explanations: How Students Study and Use Examples in Learning to Solve Problems<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/23735082.2015.1002195\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learning from Productive Failure<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/89k7p1wr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">When Productive Failure Fails<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb\uff1a<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/category\/reflections\/knowledge-life\/how-a-person-builds-a-world\/\">\u6d4f\u89c8\u300a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u600e\u6837\u5f62\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u300b\u7cfb\u5217\u6587\u7ae0<\/a><\/p>\n<p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":17897162,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_geoff_meta_description_en":"Argues that good teaching transfers not just answers, but the structures of judgment\u2014results, procedures and ways of seeing\u2014so learners can correct 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