{"id":16849,"date":"2026-08-12T13:02:00","date_gmt":"2026-08-12T03:02:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/?p=16849"},"modified":"2026-08-12T12:15:50","modified_gmt":"2026-08-12T02:15:50","slug":"why-is-most-of-what-we-know-something-we-have-never-seen-for-ourselves","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/why-is-most-of-what-we-know-something-we-have-never-seen-for-ourselves\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4e8b\u60c5\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u4eb2\u773c\u770b\u89c1\u7684\uff1f"},"content":{"rendered":"<\/p>\n<p><em>\u300a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u600e\u6837\u5f62\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u300b\u00b7 \u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b63\u201c\u4ed6\u4eba\u3001\u5bf9\u8bdd\u4e0e\u5171\u540c\u77e5\u8bc6\u201d\u00b7 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href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/testimony-episprob\/\" target=\"_blank\" 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636e\u540e\u679c\u8c03\u6574\u6838\u67e5\u5f3a\u5ea6\u3002\u670b\u53cb\u8bf4\u5496\u5561\u9986\u4eca\u5929\u5173\u95e8\uff0c\u6682\u65f6\u76f8\u4fe1\u901a\u5e38\u5df2\u7ecf\u8db3\u591f\uff1b\u6709\u5173\u91cd\u5927\u533b\u7597\u51b3\u5b9a\u3001\u6cd5\u5f8b\u8d23\u4efb\u6216\u516c\u5171\u98ce\u9669\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\uff0c\u5219\u9700\u8981\u56de\u5230\u66f4\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u3002\u6210\u719f\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u751f\u6d3b\u5e76\u975e\u5bf9\u6240\u6709\u8bdd\u4e00\u5f8b\u76f8\u4fe1\u6216\u4e00\u5f8b\u6000\u7591\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8ba9\u4fe1\u4efb\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0e\u4e3b\u5f20\u7684\u98ce\u9669\u3001\u6765\u6e90\u548c\u53ef\u590d\u6838\u6027\u76f8\u79f0\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8ba4\u77e5\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\u628a\u4eba\u7c7b\u5728\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e2d\u8bc4\u4f30\u4fe1\u606f\u6765\u6e90\u4e0e\u5185\u5bb9\u7684\u673a\u5236\u6982\u62ec\u4e3a\u201c\u8ba4\u8bc6\u8b66\u89c9\u201d\uff08epistemic vigilance\uff09\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1468-0017.2010.01394.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sperber \u7b49\u4eba\u7684\u7efc\u8ff0\u8bba\u6587<\/a>\u5f3a\u8c03\uff0c\u4eba\u7c7b\u6781\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u6c9f\u901a\uff0c\u4e5f\u56e0\u6b64\u4f1a\u66b4\u9732\u4e8e\u65e0\u610f\u9519\u8bef\u548c\u6709\u610f\u8bef\u5bfc\uff1b\u4ea4\u6d41\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u4ecd\u7136\u6709\u5229\uff0c\u79bb\u4e0d\u5f00\u5bf9\u8bf4\u8bdd\u8005\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u548c\u4fe1\u606f\u672c\u8eab\u7684\u6301\u7eed\u5224\u65ad\u3002\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8b66\u89c9\u5e76\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u628a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u9884\u8bbe\u4e3a\u9a97\u5b50\u3002\u5f7b\u5e95\u4e0d\u4fe1\u4efb\u4f1a\u4f7f\u5171\u540c\u77e5\u8bc6\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f62\u6210\uff1b\u6beb\u65e0\u7b5b\u9009\u5730\u76f8\u4fe1\u53c8\u4f1a\u4f7f\u4eba\u5931\u53bb\u5224\u65ad\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u6765\u6e90\u4e0d\u662f\u811a\u6ce8\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u7ed3\u6784<\/h2>\n<p>\u5728\u7eb8\u9762\u65f6\u4ee3\uff0c\u4e00\u6bb5\u8bdd\u5e38\u5e38\u4fdd\u7559\u4f5c\u8005\u3001\u51fa\u7248\u7269\u548c\u65e5\u671f\u3002\u8fdb\u5165\u7f51\u7edc\u4fe1\u606f\u6d41\u4ee5\u540e\uff0c\u53e5\u5b50\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u8131\u79bb\u6765\u5904\u3002\u622a\u56fe\u88ab\u8f6c\u53d1\uff0c\u56fe\u8868\u88ab\u88c1\u53bb\u6807\u9898\uff0c\u522b\u4eba\u5bf9\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6982\u62ec\u53d6\u4ee3\u7814\u7a76\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u751f\u6210\u5f0fAI\u53c8\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u4e00\u5c42\u538b\u7f29\uff1a\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u8bb8\u591a\u6587\u672c\u91cd\u7ec4\u4e3a\u6d41\u7545\u56de\u7b54\uff0c\u5374\u672a\u5fc5\u8ba9\u8bfb\u8005\u770b\u89c1\u54ea\u4e2a\u6765\u6e90\u652f\u6301\u54ea\u4e2a\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u53ef\u80fd\u751f\u6210\u5e76\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u5f15\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u65f6\uff0c\u6d41\u7545\u5f88\u5bb9\u6613\u4f2a\u88c5\u6210\u89c1\u8bc1\u3002\u53ef\u662fAI\u5e76\u6ca1\u6709\u56e0\u4e3a\u8bf4\u51fa\u4e00\u53e5\u81ea\u7136\u7684\u8bdd\uff0c\u5c31\u81ea\u52a8\u6210\u4e3a\u4eb2\u5386\u4e8b\u4ef6\u7684\u4eba\u3001\u5b9e\u65bd\u5b9e\u9a8c\u7684\u4eba\u6216\u5bf9\u7ed3\u8bba\u627f\u62c5\u4e13\u4e1a\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u673a\u6784\u3002\u5b83\u66f4\u50cf\u4e00\u4e2a\u80fd\u591f\u8fc5\u901f\u91cd\u7ec4\u516c\u5171\u8868\u8fbe\u7684\u4e2d\u4ecb\u3002\u5b83\u53ef\u4ee5\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u51fa\u95ee\u9898\u3001\u5bfb\u627e\u65b9\u5411\u548c\u6bd4\u8f83\u89e3\u91ca\uff1b\u5f53\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4f1a\u5f71\u54cd\u91cd\u8981\u51b3\u5b9a\u65f6\uff0c\u4ecd\u8981\u8ffd\u95ee\u53ef\u8bc6\u522b\u6765\u6e90\u3001\u53d1\u5e03\u65e5\u671f\u3001\u53f8\u6cd5\u7ba1\u8f96\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u662f\u5426\u5b58\u5728\u66f4\u6b63\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7f51\u7edc\u6838\u67e5\u7814\u7a76\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u6709\u7528\u52a8\u4f5c\uff1a\u4e0d\u8981\u53ea\u5728\u5f53\u524d\u9875\u9762\u91cc\u5bfb\u627e\u5b83\u53ef\u4fe1\u7684\u8ff9\u8c61\uff0c\u800c\u8981\u6682\u65f6\u79bb\u5f00\u5b83\uff0c\u67e5\u770b\u5176\u4ed6\u6765\u6e90\u5982\u4f55\u63cf\u8ff0\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7f51\u7ad9\u3001\u4f5c\u8005\u6216\u4e3b\u5f20\u3002Wineburg \u4e0e McGrew \u5bf9\u4e13\u4e1a\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6838\u67e5\u5458\u3001\u5386\u53f2\u5b66\u8005\u548c\u5927\u5b66\u751f\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u6838\u67e5\u5458\u66f4\u5e38\u91c7\u7528\u8fd9\u79cd\u201c\u6a2a\u5411\u9605\u8bfb\u201d\uff0c\u8fc5\u901f\u6253\u5f00\u5176\u4ed6\u9875\u9762\u6765\u5224\u65ad\u539f\u7ad9\u70b9\u7684\u53ef\u4fe1\u5ea6\u3002<a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3048994\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u5173\u4e8e\u6a2a\u5411\u9605\u8bfb\u7684\u7814\u7a76<\/a>\u8fd9\u4e0d\u662f\u4fdd\u8bc1\u771f\u76f8\u7684\u516c\u5f0f\uff0c\u5374\u628a\u6ce8\u610f\u529b\u4ece\u201c\u8fd9\u6bb5\u8bdd\u770b\u8d77\u6765\u50cf\u4e0d\u50cf\u771f\u7684\u201d\u8f6c\u5411\u201c\u5b83\u4f4d\u4e8e\u600e\u6837\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u5173\u7cfb\u4e2d\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6765\u6e90\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ea\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5b66\u672f\u793c\u4eea\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u53ef\u8ffd\u6eaf\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u8ba9\u8bfb\u8005\u6709\u673a\u4f1a\u53d1\u73b0\u5b83\u662f\u5426\u88ab\u65ad\u7ae0\u53d6\u4e49\u3001\u662f\u5426\u5df2\u7ecf\u8fc7\u65f6\u3001\u662f\u5426\u53ea\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7279\u5b9a\u6837\u672c\uff0c\u4e5f\u8ba9\u9519\u8bef\u80fd\u591f\u6cbf\u539f\u8def\u8fd4\u56de\u5e76\u88ab\u4fee\u6b63\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u6765\u6e90\u7684\u4fe1\u606f\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u78b0\u5de7\u6b63\u786e\uff0c\u4f46\u5b83\u96be\u4ee5\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u4ee5\u5171\u540c\u7ef4\u62a4\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u4eb2\u773c\u770b\u89c1\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u7ec8\u70b9<\/h2>\n<p>\u53cd\u8fc7\u6765\uff0c\u4eb2\u773c\u770b\u89c1\u5e76\u4e0d\u81ea\u52a8\u4f18\u4e8e\u4ed6\u4eba\u62a5\u544a\u3002\u76ee\u51fb\u8005\u53ef\u80fd\u770b\u9519\u8ddd\u79bb\uff0c\u8bb0\u5fc6\u53ef\u80fd\u5728\u540e\u6765\u91cd\u6784\uff0c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u4e5f\u53ef\u80fd\u4e0d\u77e5\u9053\u81ea\u5df1\u770b\u5230\u7684\u73b0\u8c61\u610f\u5473\u7740\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002\u8bb8\u591a\u4e13\u4e1a\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6bd4\u4e2a\u4eba\u76f4\u89c9\u53ef\u9760\uff0c\u6070\u6070\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5236\u5ea6\u4e0d\u6ee1\u8db3\u4e8e\u4e00\u6b21\u89c2\u5bdf\uff1a\u5b83\u8981\u6c42\u8bb0\u5f55\u65b9\u6cd5\u3001\u6bd4\u8f83\u6848\u4f8b\u3001\u63a5\u53d7\u540c\u884c\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u65b0\u8bc1\u636e\u51fa\u73b0\u540e\u4fee\u8ba2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u4ee5\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u624b\u4e0e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u624b\u4e0d\u662f\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u9ad8\u4f4e\u7b49\u7ea7\u3002\u7b2c\u4e00\u624b\u89c2\u5bdf\u53ef\u4ee5\u9760\u8fd1\u4e8b\u4ef6\uff0c\u5374\u53ef\u80fd\u7f3a\u5c11\u6bd4\u8f83\u548c\u89e3\u91ca\uff1b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u624b\u77e5\u8bc6\u53ef\u80fd\u79bb\u4e8b\u4ef6\u66f4\u8fdc\uff0c\u5374\u7ecf\u8fc7\u66f4\u5b8c\u6574\u7684\u68c0\u67e5\u3002\u771f\u6b63\u9700\u8981\u8bc4\u4f30\u7684\u662f\u6574\u6761\u8ba4\u8bc6\u94fe\uff1a\u4fe1\u606f\u4ece\u54ea\u91cc\u6765\uff0c\u7ecf\u8fc7\u4e86\u54ea\u4e9b\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u73af\u8282\u5f7c\u6b64\u72ec\u7acb\uff0c\u8c01\u80fd\u6307\u51fa\u9519\u8bef\uff0c\u9519\u8bef\u51fa\u73b0\u540e\u4f1a\u53d1\u751f\u4ec0\u4e48\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e5f\u63d0\u9192\u6211\u4eec\u4e0d\u8981\u628a\u201c\u6211\u81ea\u5df1\u5224\u65ad\u201d\u8bef\u89e3\u4e3a\u201c\u6211\u53ea\u76f8\u4fe1\u81ea\u5df1\u201d\u3002\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u82e5\u62d2\u7edd\u6240\u6709\u5916\u90e8\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u53ea\u4f1a\u628a\u4e16\u754c\u7f29\u5c0f\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u89c6\u91ce\u548c\u5bff\u547d\u4ee5\u5185\uff1b\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u82e5\u628a\u5224\u65ad\u5168\u90e8\u4ea4\u7ed9\u6743\u5a01\u3001\u5e73\u53f0\u6216AI\uff0c\u53c8\u4f1a\u5931\u53bb\u8bc6\u522b\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u8ba4\u8bc6\u4e0a\u7684\u81ea\u4e3b\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u72ec\u81ea\u751f\u4ea7\u6bcf\u4e00\u9879\u77e5\u8bc6\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u80fd\u591f\u8bf4\u660e\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u4fe1\u4efb\u3001\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\u4fdd\u7559\u5224\u65ad\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bc1\u636e\u4f1a\u4f7f\u81ea\u5df1\u6539\u53d8\u60f3\u6cd5\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u7531\u53ef\u4fee\u6b63\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u8fde\u63a5\u8d77\u6765<\/h2>\n<p>\u6211\u4eec\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u5927\u591a\u6570\u4e8b\u60c5\u6ca1\u6709\u88ab\u81ea\u5df1\u4eb2\u773c\u770b\u89c1\uff0c\u4e0d\u662f\u73b0\u4ee3\u77e5\u8bc6\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4eba\u80fd\u591f\u62e5\u6709\u8d85\u51fa\u4e2a\u4eba\u7ecf\u9a8c\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3002\u8bed\u8a00\u8ba9\u4e00\u6b21\u89c2\u5bdf\u79bb\u5f00\u89c2\u5bdf\u8005\uff0c\u6863\u6848\u8ba9\u5b83\u8de8\u8fc7\u65f6\u95f4\uff0c\u673a\u6784\u8ba9\u4e0d\u540c\u4eba\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\u80fd\u591f\u4e92\u76f8\u63a5\u7eed\uff0c\u6559\u80b2\u8ba9\u540e\u6765\u8005\u4e0d\u5fc5\u4ece\u96f6\u5f00\u59cb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u6269\u5c55\u4e0d\u662f\u514d\u8d39\u7684\u3002\u77e5\u8bc6\u4e00\u65e6\u901a\u8fc7\u4ed6\u4eba\u800c\u6765\uff0c\u5c31\u5e26\u7740\u4fe1\u4efb\u3001\u6743\u529b\u548c\u8d23\u4efb\u7684\u95ee\u9898\uff1a\u8c01\u66f4\u5bb9\u6613\u88ab\u76f8\u4fe1\uff0c\u8c01\u7684\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7ecf\u5e38\u88ab\u5ffd\u7565\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u673a\u6784\u80fd\u627f\u53d7\u8d28\u7591\uff0c\u54ea\u4e9b\u5e73\u53f0\u53ea\u653e\u5927\u53d7\u6b22\u8fce\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\u3002\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u4efb\u52a1\u4e0d\u662f\u5e7b\u60f3\u81ea\u5df1\u53ef\u4ee5\u9000\u51fa\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u8ba9\u5173\u7cfb\u4fdd\u6301\u53ef\u89c1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6700\u53ef\u9760\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u751f\u6d3b\u65e2\u4e0d\u4ee5\u201c\u4eb2\u773c\u770b\u89c1\u201d\u4e3a\u552f\u4e00\u6807\u51c6\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u628a\u201c\u5927\u5bb6\u90fd\u8fd9\u6837\u8bf4\u201d\u5f53\u6210\u7ec8\u70b9\u3002\u5b83\u627f\u8ba4\u4f9d\u8d56\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4fdd\u7559\u8ffd\u6eaf\uff1b\u63a5\u53d7\u5206\u5de5\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u8981\u6c42\u7ea0\u9519\uff1b\u5141\u8bb8\u522b\u4eba\u628a\u4e16\u754c\u5e26\u5230\u81ea\u5df1\u9762\u524d\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4e0d\u653e\u5f03\u5bf9\u6765\u6e90\u548c\u7406\u7531\u7684\u8d23\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u5f62\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u628a\u6240\u6709\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4eb2\u81ea\u518d\u7ecf\u5386\u4e00\u6b21\u3002\u66f4\u73b0\u5b9e\u4e5f\u66f4\u56f0\u96be\u7684\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u662f\u5b66\u4f1a\u5728\u6ca1\u6709\u4eb2\u773c\u770b\u89c1\u7684\u5730\u65b9\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u8db3\u591f\u53ef\u9760\u3001\u53c8\u59cb\u7ec8\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fee\u6b63\u7684\u4fe1\u4efb\u3002<\/p>\n<h3>\u4e3b\u8981\u8d44\u6599<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/testimony-episprob\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Epistemological Problems of Testimony \u2014 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/j.1468-0017.2010.01394.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Epistemic Vigilance<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/epistemology-social\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Social Epistemology \u2014 Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3048994\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lateral Reading: Reading Less and Learning More When Evaluating Digital Information<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>\u7ee7\u7eed\u9605\u8bfb\uff1a<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/category\/reflections\/knowledge-life\/how-a-person-builds-a-world\/\">\u6d4f\u89c8\u300a\u4e00\u4e2a\u4eba\u600e\u6837\u5f62\u6210\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e16\u754c\u300b\u7cfb\u5217\u6587\u7ae0<\/a><\/p>\n<p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":17897162,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_geoff_meta_description_en":"Explains why most knowledge comes from testimony and institutional chains, and argues that justified trust requires checking scope, evidence and 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