{"id":12099,"date":"2026-02-08T11:20:55","date_gmt":"2026-02-08T00:20:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/?p=12099"},"modified":"2026-02-08T11:21:19","modified_gmt":"2026-02-08T00:21:19","slug":"david-hume-a-treatise-of-human-nature-study-notes-unit-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/david-hume-a-treatise-of-human-nature-study-notes-unit-5\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u4f11\u8c1f\u300a\u4eba\u6027\u8bba\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 \u00b7 \u5355\u5143\u4e94Book III\uff08Of Morals\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u5bf9\u5e94\u539f\u8457\u90e8\u5206\uff1aBook III\uff08Of Morals\uff09\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u6db5\u76d6 Part I\u2013II<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p 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has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u672c\u5355\u5143\u95ee\u9898\u4e0e\u56de\u7b54\uff0815 \u9898\uff09<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee 1\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e94\u5355\u5143\u5728\u300a\u4eba\u6027\u8bba\u300b\u4e2d\u5bf9\u5e94\u54ea\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e09\u5377\uff08Of Morals\uff09\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u4e0e\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee 2\uff1a\u7b2c\u4e09\u5377\u8ba8\u8bba\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u7684\u6765\u6e90\u4e0e\u6027\u8d28\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee 3\uff1a\u4f11\u8c1f\u662f\u5426\u8ba4\u4e3a\u9053\u5fb7\u6e90\u81ea\u7406\u6027\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54\uff1a\u4e0d\u8ba4\u4e3a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee 4\uff1a\u7406\u6027\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54\uff1a\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0e\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u8ba4\u8bc6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee 5\uff1a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4e0d\u80fd\u7531\u7406\u6027\u4ea7\u751f\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54\uff1a\u5584\u6076\u4e0e\u5e94\u5f53\u7684\u8bc4\u4ef7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee 6\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u5224\u65ad\u5c5e\u4e8e\u54ea\u4e00\u7c7b\u5224\u65ad\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54\uff1a\u4ef7\u503c\u5224\u65ad\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee 7\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u8bc4\u4ef7\u662f\u5426\u63cf\u8ff0\u5bf9\u8c61\u7684\u6027\u8d28\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54\uff1a\u4e0d\u662f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee 8\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u8bc4\u4ef7\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54\uff1a\u4e00\u79cd\u60c5\u611f\u53cd\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee 9\uff1a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u540c\u60c5\uff08sympathy\uff09\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54\uff1a\u5bf9\u4ed6\u4eba\u60c5\u611f\u7684\u611f\u53d7\u4e0e\u5206\u4eab\u80fd\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee 10\uff1a\u540c\u60c5\u5728\u9053\u5fb7\u4e2d\u8d77\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f5c\u7528\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54\uff1a\u4f7f\u9053\u5fb7\u8bc4\u4ef7\u5177\u6709\u6269\u5c55\u6027\u4e0e\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee 11\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u662f\u5426\u5b8c\u5168\u4e3b\u89c2\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54\uff1a\u4e0d\u662f\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u540c\u60c5\u5efa\u7acb\u5728\u5171\u540c\u7684\u4eba\u7c7b\u5fc3\u7406\u7ed3\u6784\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee 12\uff1a\u4f11\u8c1f\u662f\u5426\u5426\u8ba4\u9053\u5fb7\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u5b58\u5728\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee 13\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u89c4\u5219\u7684\u57fa\u7840\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54\uff1a\u60c5\u611f\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5fc3\u7406\u673a\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee 14\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e00\u7406\u8bba\u662f\u5426\u6392\u9664\u7406\u6027\u53c2\u4e0e\u9053\u5fb7\u8ba8\u8bba\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54\uff1a\u4e0d\u6392\u9664\uff0c\u4f46\u9650\u5236\u5176\u89d2\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee 15\uff1a\u672c\u5355\u5143\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54\uff1a\u9053\u5fb7\u6839\u6e90\u4e8e\u60c5\u611f\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7406\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Study Notes \u00b7 Unit Five<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Corresponding sections: Book III (Of Morals), mainly Parts I\u2013II<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Book III of the <em>Treatise<\/em>, Hume examines the origin and nature of moral judgment. His central claim is that moral distinctions are not derived from reason but from sentiment. Reason can discover facts and relations, but it cannot generate judgments of virtue, vice, or obligation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hume distinguishes factual judgments from moral evaluations. Moral judgments do not describe properties of objects; rather, they express emotional responses that arise when we contemplate actions and characters. Morality, therefore, is not found in the object but in the observer\u2019s sentiment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hume further argues that sympathy is the key mechanism underlying moral judgment. Through sympathy, individuals share in the feelings of others, allowing moral approval and disapproval to extend beyond private interest. This shared psychological structure gives moral judgments a degree of generality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Accordingly, morality is grounded not in reason but in passions, sentiments, and common human psychology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Questions and Answers (Unit Five)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 1: Which part of the Treatise does this unit correspond to?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: Book III, <em>Of Morals<\/em>, mainly Parts I and II.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 2: What is the central concern of Book III?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: The origin and nature of moral judgment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 3: Does Hume think morality is derived from reason?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: No.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 4: What role does reason play in morality?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: It identifies facts and relations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 5: What cannot be produced by reason?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: Judgments of virtue, vice, and obligation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 6: What type of judgment is a moral judgment?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: A value judgment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 7: Do moral judgments describe properties of objects?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: No.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 8: What are moral judgments fundamentally?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: Emotional responses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 9: What is sympathy?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: The capacity to feel and share the emotions of others.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 10: What role does sympathy play in morality?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: It extends and stabilizes moral evaluation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 11: Is morality entirely subjective?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: No, because sympathy rests on shared human psychology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 12: Does Hume deny the existence of moral rules?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: No.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 13: What grounds moral rules?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: Sentiment and social psychological mechanisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 14: Does this theory exclude reason from moral discussion?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: No; it limits its role.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 15: What is the central conclusion of this unit?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: Morality originates in sentiment rather than in reason.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Corresponding sections: Book III (Of Morals), mainly Parts I\u2013II<\/p>\n<p>In Book III of the Treatise, Hume examines the origin and nature of moral judgment. His central claim is that moral distinctions are not derived from reason but from sentiment. Reason can discover facts and relations, but it cannot generate judgments of virtue, vice, or obligation.<\/p>\n<p>Hume distinguishes factual judgments from moral evaluations. Moral judgments do not describe properties of objects; rather, they express emotional responses that arise when we contemplate actions and characters. Morality, therefore, is not found in the object but in the observer\u2019s sentiment.<\/p>\n<p>Hume further argues that sympathy is the key mechanism underlying moral judgment. Through sympathy, individuals share in the feelings of others, allowing moral approval and disapproval to extend beyond private interest. This shared psychological structure gives moral judgments a degree of generality.<\/p>\n<p>Accordingly, morality is grounded not in reason but in passions, sentiments, and common human psychology.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":17897162,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"image","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_geoff_meta_description_en":"","_geoff_meta_description_zh":"","_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[160874],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12099","post","type-post","status-publish","format-image","hentry","category-david-hume","post_format-post-format-image",""],"translatepress_titles":{"en_AU":"\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u4f11\u8c1f\u300a\u4eba\u6027\u8bba\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0 \u00b7 \u5355\u5143\u4e94Book III\uff08Of Morals\uff09"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_likes_enabled":false,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p1ar9H-399","jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12099","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17897162"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12099"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12099\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12102,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12099\/revisions\/12102"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12099"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12099"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12099"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}