{"id":12095,"date":"2026-02-08T10:58:43","date_gmt":"2026-02-07T23:58:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/?p=12095"},"modified":"2026-02-08T11:24:54","modified_gmt":"2026-02-08T00:24:54","slug":"david-hume-a-treatise-of-human-nature-study-notes-unit-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/david-hume-a-treatise-of-human-nature-study-notes-unit-4\/","title":{"rendered":"\u4f11\u8c1f\u300a\u4eba\u6027\u8bba\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\u5355\u5143\u56db\uff08Of the Passions\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"\/\/generic-entity?number=0\"><strong>\u5927\u536b\u00b7\u4f11\u8c1f<\/strong><\/a><strong>\u300a\u4eba\u6027\u8bba\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5377<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u5bf9\u5e94\u539f\u8457\u90e8\u5206\uff1aBook II\uff08Of the Passions\uff09\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u6db5\u76d6 Part I\u2013III<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator 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12\uff1a\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u52a8\u56e0\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54\uff1a\u6fc0\u60c5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee 13\uff1a\u8fd9\u4e00\u89c2\u70b9\u5bf9\u9053\u5fb7\u54f2\u5b66\u6709\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54\uff1a\u524a\u5f31\u4e86\u4ee5\u7406\u6027\u4e3a\u57fa\u7840\u7684\u9053\u5fb7\u7406\u8bba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee 14\uff1a\u4f11\u8c1f\u662f\u5426\u5426\u8ba4\u7406\u6027\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\uff0c\u5426\u8ba4\u7684\u662f\u5176\u4e3b\u5bfc\u5730\u4f4d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee 15\uff1a\u672c\u5355\u5143\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u7ed3\u8bba\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54\uff1a\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u5728\u6fc0\u60c5\u800c\u4e0d\u5728\u7406\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Study Notes \u00b7 Unit Four<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Corresponding sections: Book II (Of the Passions), mainly Parts I\u2013III<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Book II of the <em>Treatise<\/em>, Hume turns to a systematic analysis of the passions in order to explain the true sources of human action. His central claim is that passions, not reason, directly motivate action. Reason supplies judgments of fact and calculations of means, but it cannot by itself produce motivation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hume distinguishes between direct and indirect passions. Direct passions\u2014such as desire, aversion, hope, and fear\u2014immediately influence action. Indirect passions\u2014such as pride, humility, love, and hatred\u2014arise from evaluations of oneself or others through more complex psychological associations. Neither type is generated by reason.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Regarding the relation between reason and passion, Hume famously argues that reason is, and ought to be, the slave of the passions. Reason cannot genuinely oppose passion, nor can it determine ends. Apparent conflicts between reason and passion are either conflicts among passions or errors in judgment about means.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Accordingly, moral judgment and the explanation of action must be grounded in affective structures rather than in reason. Hume does not deny the instrumental value of reason, but he firmly denies its status as the source of action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Questions and Answers (Unit Four)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 1: Which part of the Treatise does this unit correspond to?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: Book II, <em>Of the Passions<\/em>, mainly Parts I\u2013III.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 2: What is the central topic of Book II?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: The passions and their role in human action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 3: How does Hume understand passions?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: As psychological states that directly motivate or inhibit action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 4: Can reason directly motivate action?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: No.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 5: What is the primary function of reason?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: To judge matters of fact and calculate means to ends.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 6: What are direct passions?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: Passions that immediately influence action, such as desire and fear.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 7: What are indirect passions?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: Passions arising from evaluations of oneself or others, such as pride and love.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 8: Are passions generated by reason?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: No.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 9: Can reason and passion genuinely conflict?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: No.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 10: What do apparent conflicts between reason and passion involve?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: Conflicts among passions or errors about facts or means.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 11: What does Hume mean by saying reason is the slave of the passions?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: Reason serves passions and cannot determine ends.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 12: What is the ultimate source of action?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: Passion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 13: What implication does this have for moral philosophy?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: It weakens rationalist accounts of morality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 14: Does Hume deny the value of reason?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: No; he denies its dominance, not its utility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Question 15: What is the central conclusion of this unit?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: The source of action lies in passion rather than in reason.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5bf9\u5e94\u539f\u8457\u90e8\u5206\uff1aBook II\uff08Of the Passions\uff09\uff0c\u91cd\u70b9\u6db5\u76d6 Part I\u2013III<\/p>","protected":false},"author":17897162,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"image","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_geoff_meta_description_en":"","_geoff_meta_description_zh":"","_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[160874,783694611],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12095","post","type-post","status-publish","format-image","hentry","category-david-hume","category-philosophy-notes","post_format-post-format-image",""],"translatepress_titles":{"en_AU":"\u4f11\u8c1f\u300a\u4eba\u6027\u8bba\u300b\u5b66\u4e60\u7b14\u8bb0\u5355\u5143\u56db\uff08Of the Passions\uff09"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_likes_enabled":false,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p1ar9H-395","jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12095","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17897162"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12095"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12095\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12107,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12095\/revisions\/12107"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12095"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12095"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12095"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}