{"id":11243,"date":"2025-10-14T13:36:21","date_gmt":"2025-10-14T02:36:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/?p=11243"},"modified":"2025-10-14T13:46:07","modified_gmt":"2025-10-14T02:46:07","slug":"%e8%b4%9d%e5%85%8b%e8%8e%b1%ef%bc%9a%e9%82%a3%e4%b8%aa%e8%ae%a9%e4%b8%96%e7%95%8c%e6%b6%88%e5%a4%b1%e7%9a%84%e4%ba%ba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/%e8%b4%9d%e5%85%8b%e8%8e%b1%ef%bc%9a%e9%82%a3%e4%b8%aa%e8%ae%a9%e4%b8%96%e7%95%8c%e6%b6%88%e5%a4%b1%e7%9a%84%e4%ba%ba\/","title":{"rendered":"\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\uff1a\u90a3\u4e2a\u8ba9\u4e16\u754c\u201c\u6d88\u5931\u201d\u7684\u4eba Berkeley: The Man Who Made the World \u201cDisappear\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geoffreychen.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/berkeley.png.webp?ssl=1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"574\" height=\"691\" 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data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geoffreychen.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/berkeley.png.webp?fit=574%2C691&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/geoffreychen.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/berkeley.png.webp?resize=574%2C691&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-11245\" style=\"width:409px;height:auto\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u4f60\u770b\u5230\u7684\u8fd9\u5f20\u684c\u5b50\u5176\u5b9e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u7b11\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u75af\u4e86\u5c31\u662f\u559d\u591a\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53ef\u504f\u504f\uff0c\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u51fa\u81ea\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e3b\u6559\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e29\u548c\u3001\u8654\u8bda\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u6781\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ed6\u53eb\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\uff08George Berkeley, 1685\u20131753\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ed6\u4e0d\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u75af\u5b50\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u6700\u806a\u660e\u7684\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ed6\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u628a\u6574\u4e2a\u54f2\u5b66\u754c\u90fd\u5413\u4e86\u4e00\u8df3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2e3b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e00\u3001\u90a3\u4e2a\u65e9\u6167\u7684\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u4eba<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u901a\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u5341\u51e0\u5c81\u5c31\u8fdb\u5165\u90fd\u67cf\u6797\u4e09\u4e00\u5b66\u9662\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5e74\u8f7b\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u5bf9\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u548c\u6d1b\u514b\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u975e\u5e38\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u521a\u521a\u8ba9\u4eba\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u201c\u7269\u8d28\u4e16\u754c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u6027\u89e3\u91ca\u201d\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u800c\u6d1b\u514b\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u611f\u5b98\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u770b\u5b8c\u4e24\u4eba\u540e\uff0c\u60f3\u4e86\u60f3\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8bf4\u51fa\u4e00\u53e5\u8ba9\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u6296\u4e86\u4e09\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u8bdd\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u88ab\u611f\u77e5\u3002\u201d\uff08To be is to be perceived.\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2e3b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e8c\u3001\u4ed6\u5230\u5e95\u5728\u8bf4\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u7684\u610f\u601d\u5f88\u7b80\u5355\u4e5f\u5f88\u60ca\u4eba\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e16\u754c\u4e0a\u6ca1\u6709\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u72ec\u7acb\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u684c\u5b50\u3001\u5c71\u3001\u661f\u661f\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u4e1c\u897f\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u201d\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u611f\u77e5\u5b83\u4eec\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5982\u679c\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u770b\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u542c\u3001\u6ca1\u6709\u4eba\u611f\u53d7\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u90a3\u201c\u684c\u5b50\u201d\u5c31\u4e0d\u518d\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56e0\u4e3a\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u672c\u8eab\u5c31\u662f\u201c\u88ab\u611f\u77e5\u201d\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e3e\u4e2a\u4f8b\u5b50\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5f53\u4f60\u5173\u4e0a\u623f\u95e8\u65f6\uff0c\u623f\u95f4\u91cc\u7684\u684c\u5b50\u201c\u8fd8\u5728\u201d\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6309\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u7684\u8bf4\u6cd5\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5f53\u6709\u4eba\u611f\u77e5\u5b83\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u624d\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p 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class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7ecf\u9a8c\u7684\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u5916\u5728\u7684\u7269\u8d28\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201c\u5fc3\u4e2d\u7684\u611f\u77e5\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ece\u67d0\u79cd\u610f\u4e49\u4e0a\u8bf4\uff0c\u4ed6\u8ba9\u4e16\u754c\u201c\u6d88\u5931\u201d\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f46\u4e5f\u8ba9\u610f\u8bc6\u53d8\u5f97\u65e0\u9650\u8fbd\u9614\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e16\u754c\u4e0d\u518d\u662f\u5916\u9762\u7684\u77f3\u5934\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u5448\u73b0\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2e3b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e94\u3001\u4ed6\u7684\u4eba\u751f\uff1a\u4ece\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5230\u4e3b\u6559<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u7684\u751f\u6d3b\u5e76\u4e0d\u620f\u5267\u5316\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ed6\u540e\u6765\u6210\u4e3a\u82f1\u56fd\u56fd\u6559\u7684\u4e3b\u6559\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u53bb\u7f8e\u6d32\u4f20\u6559\u3001\u529e\u5b66\u6821\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u5199\u6559\u80b2\u8bba\u6587\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ed6\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u201c\u5b64\u72ec\u7684\u5929\u624d\u201d\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u800c\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e29\u539a\u3001\u5e73\u548c\u3001\u771f\u5fc3\u76f8\u4fe1\u4e0a\u5e1d\u4e0e\u4eba\u6027\u7684\u54f2\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ed6\u7684\u4e00\u751f\u50cf\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u4e00\u6837\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e0d\u55a7\u54d7\uff0c\u5374\u6781\u5ea6\u575a\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ed6\u5199\u4fe1\u7ed9\u670b\u53cb\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u6211\u5e76\u4e0d\u6000\u7591\u4e16\u754c\uff0c\u6211\u53ea\u662f\u6539\u53d8\u4e86\u4eba\u4eec\u770b\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2e3b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u516d\u3001\u4ed6\u5bf9\u540e\u4e16\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5728\u5f53\u65f6\u88ab\u5f88\u591a\u4eba\u5632\u7b11\uff0c\u8bf4\u4ed6\u201c\u592a\u5929\u771f\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4f46\u540e\u6765\u4eba\u4eec\u53d1\u73b0\uff0c\u4ed6\u5176\u5b9e\u662f\u552f\u5fc3\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5960\u57fa\u4eba\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5fb7\u56fd\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u9ed1\u683c\u5c14\u3001\u5eb7\u5fb7\u3001\u751a\u81f3\u73b0\u4ee3\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u5bb6\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u90fd\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4e0a\u7ee7\u627f\u4e86\u4ed6\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ed6\u5bf9\u79d1\u5b66\u4e5f\u6709\u542f\u53d1\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u73b0\u4ee3\u7269\u7406\u5b66\u7684\u91cf\u5b50\u7406\u8bba\uff0c\u4e0d\u4e5f\u5728\u8bf4\u201c\u89c2\u5bdf\u51b3\u5b9a\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7535\u5b50\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\uff0c\u53ea\u6709\u5728\u88ab\u89c2\u5bdf\u65f6\u624d\u786e\u5b9a\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u4e09\u767e\u5e74\u524d\u5c31\u6697\u793a\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e00\u70b9\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u751a\u81f3\u8fde\u4eba\u5de5\u667a\u80fd\u7684\u8ba4\u77e5\u95ee\u9898\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u673a\u5668\u5982\u4f55\u611f\u77e5\u4e16\u754c\uff1f\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u672c\u8d28\u4e0a\u4e5f\u662f\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u5f0f\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6211\u4eec\u80fd\u5426\u60f3\u8c61\u4e00\u4e2a\u201c\u6ca1\u6709\u611f\u77e5\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u201d\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e5f\u8bb8\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u2e3b<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e03\u3001\u4e00\u4e2a\u6e29\u67d4\u7684\u54f2\u4eba<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u4e0d\u662f\u90a3\u79cd\u6fc0\u70c8\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u5bb6\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ed6\u4e0d\u50cf\u5c3c\u91c7\u90a3\u6837\u5450\u558a\uff0c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u50cf\u5eb7\u5fb7\u90a3\u6837\u6784\u7b51\u5e9e\u5927\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ed6\u53ea\u662f\u9759\u9759\u5730\u8bf4\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4e0d\u5728\u4e8e\u5b83\u5728\u90a3\u91cc\uff0c\u800c\u5728\u4e8e\u6211\u4eec\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u50cf\u4e00\u9996\u8bd7\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4ed6\u8ba9\u4eba\u610f\u8bc6\u5230\uff0c\u54f2\u5b66\u4e0d\u4e00\u5b9a\u8981\u62bd\u8c61\u3001\u51b7\u786c\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b83\u4e5f\u53ef\u4ee5\u67d4\u8f6f\u3001\u6e29\u6696\uff0c<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u50cf\u4e00\u9762\u955c\u5b50\uff0c\u7167\u51fa\u6211\u4eec\u5fc3\u4e2d\u90a3\u4e2a\u201c\u4e16\u754c\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Berkeley: The Man Who Made the World \u201cDisappear\u201d<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>By Geoffrey Chen \uff5c Column: Intelligence &amp; Thought<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If one day someone told you,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe table you see in front of you doesn\u2019t really exist,\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">you\u2019d probably laugh and think they\u2019d gone mad\u2014or had too much to drink.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But that line actually came from a bishop\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">a gentle, devout, razor-sharp theologian named <strong>George Berkeley (1685\u20131753).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He wasn\u2019t insane; he was one of the most brilliant minds of his age.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And his ideas startled the entire world of philosophy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>1. The Precocious Irishman<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Berkeley was born in Ireland to an ordinary family<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">and entered Trinity College Dublin while still a teenager.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a young student he was fascinated by Descartes and Locke.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Europe at the time, Descartes had convinced people<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">that the material world could be explained by reason,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">while Locke declared that all knowledge comes from the senses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Berkeley read them both, thought quietly for a while,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">and then said a sentence that shook philosophy for the next three centuries:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cTo be is to be perceived.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>2. What on Earth Did He Mean?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Berkeley\u2019s claim was simple yet shocking:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">there is no such thing as matter existing independently of perception.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tables, mountains, stars\u2014these things exist<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>only because<\/em> we perceive them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If no one sees, hears, or feels them,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">then those objects simply cease to exist.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Because, for Berkeley, <em>to exist is to be perceived.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Imagine closing your door\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">is the table inside your room still there?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">According to Berkeley, it exists only when someone perceives it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That sounds like a paradox, so you might ask,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThen where does the table go while I\u2019m asleep?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Berkeley would smile and answer,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cIt\u2019s still there\u2014because God is always perceiving.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>3. His Motive: Not to Destroy but to Defend Faith<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many people thought Berkeley was attacking science or common sense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In fact, he was trying to <em>protect<\/em> faith.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Mechanistic science was booming in Europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">People began to see the universe as a vast machine made of particles;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">God seemed less and less necessary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Berkeley worried deeply about that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He feared that if the world were reduced to cold matter,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">human meaning and spirit would vanish with it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So he simply removed \u201cmatter\u201d altogether<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">and left only two kinds of being:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the <strong>minds that perceive<\/strong> (human spirits), and<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the <strong>Mind that sustains perception<\/strong> (God).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Berkeley\u2019s worldview, the universe is not a pile of atoms<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">but a continuous conversation between minds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">God is the ever-watchful perceiver,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">so the world doesn\u2019t disappear when we close our eyes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>4. Why No One Could Really Refute Him<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Berkeley sounded like an idealist\u2014because he was one.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But his logic was so tight that no critic could fully undo it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To disprove him, you\u2019d have to show an object that exists<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>without<\/em> being perceived.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But the moment you try to think of it or look at it,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">it\u2019s already being perceived.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That\u2019s Berkeley\u2019s philosophical trap\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">elegant, flawless, and almost unbreakable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He didn\u2019t deny experience;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">he simply redefined it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The objects of experience are not external material things,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">but perceptions in the mind.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In that sense, he made the material world \u201cdisappear,\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">yet expanded consciousness to infinity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The world is no longer a lump of matter \u201cout there,\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">but a living presentation within mind itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>5. From Philosopher to Bishop<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Berkeley\u2019s life was calm, even uneventful.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He later became a bishop in the Church of England,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">traveled to America, established schools, and wrote on education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He wasn\u2019t a tortured genius or a rebellious skeptic,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">but a gentle, steadfast believer in both God and humanity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">His life mirrored his thought\u2014quiet but unwavering.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He once wrote to a friend:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cI do not deny the world;<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I only change the way men see it.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>6. His Influence Afterwards<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In his own day, people mocked Berkeley as na\u00efve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But later generations realized he was the <strong>founder of idealism.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Hegel, Kant, and the phenomenologist Husserl<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">all inherited something from him.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even science found echoes of his ideas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Modern quantum physics tells us that an electron\u2019s position<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">isn\u2019t definite until it is observed\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">a thought Berkeley hinted at three hundred years earlier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And the questions behind artificial intelligence\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><em>How does a machine \u201cperceive\u201d the world?<\/em>\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">are, in essence, Berkeleyan questions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Can we imagine existence without perception?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perhaps not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\" \/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>7. A Gentle Philosopher<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Berkeley was never an aggressive thinker.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He didn\u2019t roar like Nietzsche<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">or build vast systems like Kant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He simply said, quietly:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cThe world\u2019s existence lies not in its being there,<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">but in our being here.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That line sounds more like poetry than philosophy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">He showed that philosophy need not be cold or abstract\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">it can also be tender and humane,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">like a mirror reflecting the world within our own hearts.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5982\u679c\u6709\u4e00\u5929\uff0c\u6709\u4eba\u544a\u8bc9\u4f60\uff1a \u201c\u4f60\u770b\u5230\u7684\u8fd9\u5f20\u684c\u5b50\u5176\u5b9e\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u3002\u201d \u4f60\u53ef\u80fd\u4f1a\u7b11\u51fa\u6765\uff0c\u89c9\u5f97\u8fd9\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u75af\u4e86\u5c31\u662f\u559d\u591a\u4e86\u3002 \u53ef\u504f\u504f\uff0c\u8fd9\u53e5\u8bdd\u51fa\u81ea\u4e00\u4f4d\u4e3b\u6559\u2014\u2014 \u4e00\u4e2a\u6e29\u548c\u3001\u8654\u8bda\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u6781\u6e05\u6670\u7684\u795e\u5b66\u5bb6\u3002 \u4ed6\u53eb\u4e54\u6cbb\u00b7\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\uff08George Berkeley, 1685\u20131753\uff09\u3002 \u4ed6\u4e0d\u4f46\u4e0d\u662f\u75af\u5b50\uff0c\u53cd\u800c\u662f\u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u6700\u806a\u660e\u7684\u4eba\u4e4b\u4e00\u3002 \u4ed6\u7684\u60f3\u6cd5\uff0c\u628a\u6574\u4e2a\u54f2\u5b66\u754c\u90fd\u5413\u4e86\u4e00\u8df3\u3002 \u2e3b \u4e00\u3001\u90a3\u4e2a\u65e9\u6167\u7684\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u4eba \u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u51fa\u751f\u5728\u7231\u5c14\u5170\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u666e\u901a\u5bb6\u5ead\uff0c\u5341\u51e0\u5c81\u5c31\u8fdb\u5165\u90fd\u67cf\u6797\u4e09\u4e00\u5b66\u9662\u3002 \u5e74\u8f7b\u65f6\uff0c\u4ed6\u5c31\u5bf9\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u548c\u6d1b\u514b\u7684\u601d\u60f3\u975e\u5e38\u611f\u5174\u8da3\u3002 \u90a3\u4e2a\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u6b27\u6d32\uff0c\u7b1b\u5361\u5c14\u521a\u521a\u8ba9\u4eba\u4eec\u76f8\u4fe1\u201c\u7269\u8d28\u4e16\u754c\u53ef\u4ee5\u88ab\u7406\u6027\u89e3\u91ca\u201d\uff0c \u800c\u6d1b\u514b\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u6211\u4eec\u7684\u77e5\u8bc6\u90fd\u6765\u81ea\u611f\u5b98\u7ecf\u9a8c\u3002\u201d \u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\u770b\u5b8c\u4e24\u4eba\u540e\uff0c\u60f3\u4e86\u60f3\uff0c\u7136\u540e\u8bf4\u51fa\u4e00\u53e5\u8ba9\u54f2\u5b66\u53f2\u6296\u4e86\u4e09\u767e\u5e74\u7684\u8bdd\uff1a \u201c\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u88ab\u611f\u77e5\u3002\u201d\uff08To be is &hellip; <a class=\"more-link\" href=\"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/%e8%b4%9d%e5%85%8b%e8%8e%b1%ef%bc%9a%e9%82%a3%e4%b8%aa%e8%ae%a9%e4%b8%96%e7%95%8c%e6%b6%88%e5%a4%b1%e7%9a%84%e4%ba%ba\/\">More<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":17897162,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"image","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_geoff_meta_description_en":"","_geoff_meta_description_zh":"","_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[783694611,780925312],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11243","post","type-post","status-publish","format-image","hentry","category-philosophy-notes","category-reflections","post_format-post-format-image","","has-post-thumbnail","fallback-thumbnail"],"translatepress_titles":{"en_AU":"\u8d1d\u514b\u83b1\uff1a\u90a3\u4e2a\u8ba9\u4e16\u754c\u201c\u6d88\u5931\u201d\u7684\u4eba Berkeley: The Man Who Made the World \u201cDisappear\u201d"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_likes_enabled":false,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p1ar9H-2Vl","jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11243","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17897162"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11243"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11243\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11257,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11243\/revisions\/11257"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11243"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11243"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11243"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}