{"id":11073,"date":"2025-09-29T11:44:12","date_gmt":"2025-09-29T01:44:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/2025\/09\/29\/%e5%bf%83%e7%81%b5%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0%ef%bc%9a%e7%ac%ac3%e7%ab%a0%ef%bc%9a%e5%94%af%e7%89%a9%e8%ae%ba%e7%9a%84%e5%a4%9a%e7%a7%8d%e5%bd%a2%e6%80%81%ef%bc%88varieties-of-materialism-be\/"},"modified":"2025-09-29T12:02:37","modified_gmt":"2025-09-29T02:02:37","slug":"%e5%bf%83%e7%81%b5%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0%ef%bc%9a%e7%ac%ac3%e7%ab%a0%ef%bc%9a%e5%94%af%e7%89%a9%e8%ae%ba%e7%9a%84%e5%a4%9a%e7%a7%8d%e5%bd%a2%e6%80%81%ef%bc%88varieties-of-materialism-be","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/%e5%bf%83%e7%81%b5%e5%93%b2%e5%ad%a6%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0%ef%bc%9a%e7%ac%ac3%e7%ab%a0%ef%bc%9a%e5%94%af%e7%89%a9%e8%ae%ba%e7%9a%84%e5%a4%9a%e7%a7%8d%e5%bd%a2%e6%80%81%ef%bc%88varieties-of-materialism-be\/","title":{"rendered":"\u5fc3\u7075\u54f2\u5b66\u7b14\u8bb0\uff1a\u7b2c3\u7ae0\uff1a\u552f\u7269\u8bba\u7684\u591a\u79cd\u5f62\u6001\uff08Varieties of Materialism: Behaviorism and Psycho-physical Identity\uff09"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\ud83d\udcd8\u00a0<\/strong>John Heil &#8211; Philosophy of Mind\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b2c3\u7ae0 \u552f\u7269\u8bba\u7684\u591a\u79cd\u5f62\u6001\uff08Varieties of Materialism\uff09<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u5185\u5bb9\u6982\u62ec \/ Chapter Summary<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e2d\u6587\uff1a<br>\u672c\u7ae0\u4ecb\u7ecd\u4e24\u79cd\u4e3b\u8981\u7684\u552f\u7269\u8bba\u601d\u6f6e\uff1a\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u8eab\u5fc3\u540c\u4e00\u8bba\u3002\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u8ba4\u4e3a\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd8\u539f\u4e3a\u884c\u4e3a\u6216\u884c\u4e3a\u503e\u5411\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u6027\uff0c\u4f46\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u5185\u5728\u6027\u3002\u8eab\u5fc3\u540c\u4e00\u8bba\u5219\u4e3b\u5f20\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u4e0e\u5927\u8111\u72b6\u6001\u540c\u4e00\uff0c\u5c5e\u4e8e\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u81ea\u7136\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u4f53\u73b0\u51fa\u66f4\u5f3a\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5316\u53d6\u5411\u3002\u4e24\u79cd\u7406\u8bba\u5404\u6709\u4f18\u70b9\uff1a\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f3a\u8c03\u516c\u5171\u53ef\u9a8c\u8bc1\u6027\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u8bba\u5f3a\u8c03\u4e0e\u79d1\u5b66\u7684\u7ed3\u5408\uff1b\u4f46\u4e5f\u90fd\u9762\u4e34\u4e25\u91cd\u6311\u6218\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u65e0\u6cd5\u5145\u5206\u89e3\u91ca\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\uff08qualia\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>English:<br>This chapter introduces two major materialist approaches: behaviorism and the identity theory. Behaviorism reduces mental states to behaviors or behavioral dispositions, stressing observability but neglecting the inner nature of the mind. The identity theory claims that mental states are identical with brain states, viewing them as natural processes studied by neuroscience. Both theories have strengths: behaviorism emphasizes public verifiability, and identity theory aligns closely with science; yet both face serious challenges, especially in accounting for conscious experience (qualia).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u56db\u5c42\u8981\u70b9 (1-2-3-4) \/ Four-Level Key Points<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. \u5927\u4e3b\u9898 \/ Main Theme<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e2d\u6587\uff1a\u552f\u7269\u8bba\u5bf9\u5fc3\u7075\u7684\u89e3\u91ca\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>English: Materialist accounts of the mind.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. \u6838\u5fc3\u95ee\u9898 \/ Core Questions<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e2d\u6587\uff1a<br>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5fc3\u7075\u662f\u5426\u7b49\u4e8e\u8eab\u4f53\u6216\u5927\u8111\uff1f<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b8c\u5168\u5f52\u7ed3\u4e3a\u884c\u4e3a\u6216\u795e\u7ecf\u72b6\u6001\uff1f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>English:<br>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Is the mind identical to the body or brain?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Can mental states be fully reduced to behaviors or neural states?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. \u4e3b\u8981\u7406\u8bba \/ Main Theories<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e2d\u6587\uff1a<br>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\uff08\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u6001 = \u884c\u4e3a \/ \u884c\u4e3a\u503e\u5411\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8eab\u5fc3\u540c\u4e00\u8bba\uff08\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u6001 = \u5927\u8111\u72b6\u6001\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>English:<br>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Behaviorism (mental states = behaviors\/dispositions).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Identity theory (mental states = brain states).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. \u8bc4\u4f30\u4e0e\u5f71\u54cd \/ Evaluation and Legacy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4e2d\u6587\uff1a<br>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4f18\u70b9\uff1a\u5f3a\u8c03\u79d1\u5b66\u5316\u4e0e\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7f3a\u9677\uff1a\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\uff08qualia\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a\u4e3a\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u94fa\u8def\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>English:<br>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Strengths: emphasizes scientific rigor and observability.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Weaknesses: fails to account for conscious experience (qualia).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Legacy: paved the way for functionalism.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\ud83c\udfaf&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee\u7b54\u9898\uff0830\u9053\uff0c\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5bf9\u7167\uff09 \/ 30 Q&amp;A (Bilingual)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ec4\uff1a\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49 \/ Behaviorism (1\u201310)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Q: \u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u4e3b\u5f20\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \/ What is the core claim of behaviorism?<br>A: \u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u7b49\u4e8e\u884c\u4e3a\u6216\u884c\u4e3a\u503e\u5411\u3002<br>A: Mental states are equivalent to behaviors or behavioral dispositions.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5f3a\u8c03\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u6027\uff1f \/ Why does behaviorism emphasize observability?<br>A: \u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5e0c\u671b\u5c06\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u7eb3\u5165\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u4f53\u7cfb\u3002<br>A: Because it seeks to make psychology a strictly scientific discipline.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5982\u4f55\u7406\u89e3\u201c\u75bc\u75db\u201d\uff1f \/ How does behaviorism understand \u201cpain\u201d?<br>A: \u75bc\u75db\u5c31\u662f\u62b1\u5934\u3001\u547b\u541f\u7b49\u884c\u4e3a\u6216\u8fd9\u4e9b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u503e\u5411\u3002<br>A: Pain is holding one\u2019s head, moaning, or being disposed to do such things.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u76f4\u89c2\u5f31\u70b9\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \/ What is the intuitive weakness of behaviorism?<br>A: \u5b83\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u75bc\u75db\u7684\u4e3b\u89c2\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002<br>A: It neglects the subjective experience of pain.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u5386\u53f2\u80cc\u666f\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \/ What is the historical background of behaviorism?<br>A: 20\u4e16\u7eaa\u521d\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u5e0c\u671b\u6446\u8131\u5185\u7701\u6cd5\uff0c\u8f6c\u5411\u5b9e\u9a8c\u79d1\u5b66\u3002<br>A: Early 20th-century psychology wanted to abandon introspection and turn to experimental science.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u8c01\u662f\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\uff1f \/ Who were the main proponents of behaviorism?<br>A: \u534e\u751f\uff08Watson\uff09\u3001\u65af\u91d1\u7eb3\uff08Skinner\uff09\u3002<br>A: John Watson, B.F. Skinner.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u6fc0\u8fdb\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u6e29\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u533a\u522b\uff1f \/ Difference between radical and methodological behaviorism?<br>A: \u6fc0\u8fdb\u6d3e\u5426\u8ba4\u5185\u5728\u5fc3\u7075\uff0c\u6e29\u548c\u6d3e\u4ec5\u62d2\u7edd\u5c06\u5176\u4f5c\u4e3a\u79d1\u5b66\u4f9d\u636e\u3002<br>A: Radical denies inner mind; methodological only rejects it as scientific evidence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bf4\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\uff1f \/ Why is behaviorism useful for science?<br>A: \u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u53ef\u9a8c\u8bc1\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u65b9\u6cd5\u3002<br>A: Because it provides verifiable methods of research.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5982\u4f55\u56de\u5e94\u4e8c\u5143\u8bba\uff1f \/ How does behaviorism respond to dualism?<br>A: \u5b83\u6d88\u9664\u4e86\u5fc3\u7075\u5b9e\u4f53\uff0c\u53ea\u4fdd\u7559\u884c\u4e3a\u3002<br>A: By eliminating the mind as substance and focusing on behavior.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u6700\u7ec8\u5f0f\u5fae\uff1f \/ Why did behaviorism decline?<br>A: \u5b83\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u5185\u90e8\u5fc3\u7406\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e0e\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002<br>A: Because it failed to explain inner mental processes and conscious experience.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ec4\uff1a\u8eab\u5fc3\u540c\u4e00\u8bba \/ Identity Theory (11\u201320)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"11\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Q: \u8eab\u5fc3\u540c\u4e00\u8bba\u7684\u4e3b\u5f20\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \/ What does the identity theory claim?<br>A: \u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u4e0e\u5927\u8111\u72b6\u6001\u540c\u4e00\u3002<br>A: Mental states are identical with brain states.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u8eab\u5fc3\u540c\u4e00\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u8d85\u8d8a\u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1f \/ How does identity theory go beyond behaviorism?<br>A: \u5b83\u627f\u8ba4\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u662f\u5185\u5728\u7684\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0e\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u540c\u4e00\u3002<br>A: By acknowledging inner states but identifying them with neuroscience.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u8eab\u5fc3\u540c\u4e00\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u89e3\u91ca\u201c\u5934\u75db\u201d\uff1f \/ How does identity theory explain \u201cheadache\u201d?<br>A: \u5934\u75db = \u5927\u8111\u67d0\u79cd\u795e\u7ecf\u72b6\u6001\u3002<br>A: A headache = a particular brain state.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u8c01\u662f\u540c\u4e00\u8bba\u7684\u4ee3\u8868\u4eba\u7269\uff1f \/ Who were the proponents of identity theory?<br>A: \u65af\u9a6c\u7279\uff08Smart\uff09\u3001\u666e\u83b1\u65af\uff08Place\uff09\u3002<br>A: J.J.C. Smart, U.T. Place.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u540c\u4e00\u8bba\u4e0e\u552f\u7269\u8bba\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\uff1f \/ How is identity theory related to materialism?<br>A: \u5b83\u662f\u552f\u7269\u8bba\u7684\u79d1\u5b66\u5316\u7248\u672c\u3002<br>A: It is a scientifically oriented version of materialism.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8eab\u5fc3\u540c\u4e00\u8bba\u5438\u5f15\u79d1\u5b66\u5bb6\uff1f \/ Why is identity theory attractive to scientists?<br>A: \u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u627f\u8bfa\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u80fd\u89e3\u91ca\u5fc3\u7406\u73b0\u8c61\u3002<br>A: Because it promises neuroscience can explain mental phenomena.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u8eab\u5fc3\u540c\u4e00\u8bba\u7684\u6311\u6218\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \/ What challenges face the identity theory?<br>A: \u591a\u91cd\u5b9e\u73b0\u6027\uff08\u4e0d\u540c\u7269\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u57fa\u7840\uff09\u3002<br>A: Multiple realizability (different species may have different neural bases).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u8eab\u5fc3\u540c\u4e00\u8bba\u5982\u4f55\u56de\u5e94\u591a\u91cd\u5b9e\u73b0\u6027\uff1f \/ How does identity theory respond to multiple realizability?<br>A: \u901a\u8fc7\u5c40\u90e8\u540c\u4e00\uff1a\u4e0d\u540c\u7269\u79cd\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u795e\u7ecf\u540c\u4e00\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<br>A: By proposing local identities: different species may have different neural identities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bf4\u540c\u4e00\u8bba\u96be\u4ee5\u89e3\u91ca\u611f\u8d28\uff1f \/ Why does identity theory struggle with qualia?<br>A: \u56e0\u4e3a\u611f\u8d28\u662f\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u7b49\u4e8e\u795e\u7ecf\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002<br>A: Because qualia are subjective and not identical to neural patterns.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u8eab\u5fc3\u540c\u4e00\u8bba\u7684\u54f2\u5b66\u610f\u4e49\uff1f \/ What is the philosophical significance of identity theory?<br>A: \u5b83\u5c06\u5fc3\u7075\u7f6e\u4e8e\u81ea\u7136\u79d1\u5b66\u6846\u67b6\u4e2d\u3002<br>A: It situates the mind firmly within the framework of natural science.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ec4\uff1a\u8bc4\u4f30\u4e0e\u9057\u4ea7 \/ Evaluation and Legacy (21\u201330)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"21\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Q: \u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \/ What is the contribution of behaviorism?<br>A: \u5f3a\u8c03\u79d1\u5b66\u53ef\u89c2\u5bdf\u6027\uff0c\u63a8\u52a8\u5fc3\u7406\u5b66\u79d1\u5b66\u5316\u3002<br>A: Emphasized scientific observability and advanced psychology as science.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \/ What are the weaknesses of behaviorism?<br>A: \u5ffd\u89c6\u5185\u5728\u5fc3\u7075\uff0c\u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u610f\u8bc6\u4f53\u9a8c\u3002<br>A: Neglected inner mind and failed to explain consciousness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u540c\u4e00\u8bba\u7684\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \/ What is the contribution of identity theory?<br>A: \u5c06\u5fc3\u7406\u72b6\u6001\u7eb3\u5165\u795e\u7ecf\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u3002<br>A: Incorporated mental states into neuroscience.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u540c\u4e00\u8bba\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \/ What is the weakness of identity theory?<br>A: \u65e0\u6cd5\u89e3\u91ca\u611f\u8d28\u4e0e\u591a\u91cd\u5b9e\u73b0\u6027\u3002<br>A: Struggles with qualia and multiple realizability.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u552f\u7269\u8bba\u65e0\u6cd5\u5f7b\u5e95\u89e3\u51b3\u610f\u8bc6\u95ee\u9898\uff1f \/ Why can\u2019t materialism fully solve the consciousness problem?<br>A: \u56e0\u4e3a\u610f\u8bc6\u6709\u4e3b\u89c2\u7684\u7b2c\u4e00\u4eba\u79f0\u7279\u5f81\u3002<br>A: Because consciousness has a subjective, first-person character.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u540c\u4e00\u8bba\u7684\u5171\u540c\u70b9\uff1f \/ What do behaviorism and identity theory share?<br>A: \u90fd\u662f\u552f\u7269\u8bba\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u6d88\u89e3\u5fc3\u7075\u4e0e\u8eab\u4f53\u7684\u5dee\u5f02\u3002<br>A: Both are materialist attempts to dissolve the mind\u2013body divide.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u4e8c\u8005\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u70b9\uff1f \/ How do they differ?<br>A: \u884c\u4e3a\u4e3b\u4e49\u5426\u8ba4\u5185\u5728\u5fc3\u7075\uff0c\u540c\u4e00\u8bba\u627f\u8ba4\u4f46\u5f52\u4e8e\u5927\u8111\u3002<br>A: Behaviorism denies inner mind, identity theory accepts it but reduces it to the brain.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bf4\u552f\u7269\u8bba\u4e3a\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u94fa\u8def\uff1f \/ Why did materialism pave the way for functionalism?<br>A: \u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u90fd\u5f3a\u8c03\u79d1\u5b66\u5316\uff0c\u4f46\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u514b\u670d\u4e86\u591a\u91cd\u5b9e\u73b0\u6027\u95ee\u9898\u3002<br>A: Because both stress scientific rigor, but functionalism addressed multiple realizability.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u672c\u7ae0\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u8d21\u732e\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\uff1f \/ What is the main contribution of this chapter?<br>A: \u68b3\u7406\u552f\u7269\u8bba\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u4e3a\u529f\u80fd\u4e3b\u4e49\u63d0\u4f9b\u80cc\u666f\u3002<br>A: It maps materialist theories, preparing for functionalism.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Q: \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u5b66\u4e60\u552f\u7269\u8bba\u5bf9\u7406\u89e3\u5fc3\u7075\u54f2\u5b66\u91cd\u8981\uff1f \/ Why is studying materialism important for philosophy of mind?<br>A: \u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4ee3\u8868\u4e86\u79d1\u5b66\u5316\u5fc3\u7075\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u9636\u6bb5\u3002<br>A: Because it represents a crucial stage in the scientific study of the mind.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p 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