{"id":10690,"date":"2025-09-04T19:12:31","date_gmt":"2025-09-04T09:12:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/2025\/09\/03\/%e3%80%8a%e5%ad%98%e5%9c%a8%e4%b8%8e%e8%99%9a%e6%97%a0%e3%80%8b%e7%ac%ac%e5%9b%9b%e9%83%a8%ef%bc%9a%e6%8b%a5%e6%9c%89%e3%80%81%e5%81%9a%e4%b8%8e%e5%ad%98%e5%9c%a8%e5%9f%ba%e7%a1%80-having-doing-and\/"},"modified":"2025-09-04T19:12:31","modified_gmt":"2025-09-04T09:12:31","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e5%ad%98%e5%9c%a8%e4%b8%8e%e8%99%9a%e6%97%a0%e3%80%8b%e7%ac%ac%e5%9b%9b%e9%83%a8%ef%bc%9a%e6%8b%a5%e6%9c%89%e3%80%81%e5%81%9a%e4%b8%8e%e5%ad%98%e5%9c%a8%e5%9f%ba%e7%a1%80-having-doing-and","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/%e3%80%8a%e5%ad%98%e5%9c%a8%e4%b8%8e%e8%99%9a%e6%97%a0%e3%80%8b%e7%ac%ac%e5%9b%9b%e9%83%a8%ef%bc%9a%e6%8b%a5%e6%9c%89%e3%80%81%e5%81%9a%e4%b8%8e%e5%ad%98%e5%9c%a8%e5%9f%ba%e7%a1%80-having-doing-and\/","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u865a\u65e0\u300b\u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\uff1a\u62e5\u6709\u3001\u505a\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u57fa\u7840 (Having, Doing and Being)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6211\u4eec\u73b0\u5728\u8fdb\u5165 \u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\uff1a\u62e5\u6709\u3001\u505a\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u57fa\u7840 (Having, Doing and Being)\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u300a\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u865a\u65e0\u300b\u7684\u6700\u540e\u4e00\u5927\u90e8\u5206\u3002\u8fd9\u91cc\u8428\u7279\u8ba8\u8bba\u4eba\u7c7b\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u884c\u52a8\u7684\u6700\u7ec8\u5173\u7cfb\uff0c\u4e5f\u7b97\u662f\u5bf9\u5168\u4e66\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u603b\u7ed3\u6027\u5c55\u5f00\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\uff1a\u62e5\u6709\u3001\u505a\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u57fa\u7840<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(Part Four: Having, Doing and Being)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b2c\u4e00\u7ae0\uff1a\u62e5\u6709 (Having)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5bf9\u7167 (Bilingual Text)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">English:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Possession is not simply a relation between a subject and an object. To have is to integrate the object into one\u2019s own projects, to make it part of one\u2019s way of being.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e2d\u6587:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u62e5\u6709\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u662f\u4e3b\u4f53\u4e0e\u5bf9\u8c61\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5173\u7cfb\u3002\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u62e5\u6709\u201d\uff0c\u662f\u628a\u5bf9\u8c61\u7eb3\u5165\u5230\u81ea\u8eab\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u4e2d\uff0c\u4f7f\u5b83\u6210\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">English:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Thus, to have a house is not merely to occupy it physically; it is to project oneself into it, to see it as an extension of one\u2019s possibilities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e2d\u6587:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u62e5\u6709\u4e00\u5ea7\u623f\u5b50\u5e76\u4e0d\u4ec5\u4ec5\u610f\u5473\u7740\u5b9e\u9645\u4f4f\u5728\u91cc\u9762\uff1b\u800c\u662f\u628a\u81ea\u5df1\u6295\u5c04\u5230\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u628a\u5b83\u770b\u4f5c\u662f\u81ea\u5df1\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u7684\u5ef6\u4f38\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b80\u8981\u603b\u7ed3 (Summary)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u62e5\u6709\u4e0d\u662f\u7269\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9e\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5f53\u6211\u201c\u62e5\u6709\u201d\u67d0\u7269\u65f6\uff0c\u5b83\u6210\u4e3a\u6211\u81ea\u7531\u8ba1\u5212\u7684\u4e00\u90e8\u5206\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u62e5\u6709\u4f53\u73b0\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u628a\u201c\u5373\u81ea\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u5438\u7eb3\u8fdb\u201c\u81ea\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u201d\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u7ae0\uff1a\u505a (Doing<\/strong>\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5bf9\u7167 (Bilingual Text)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">English:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Action is the revelation of freedom. By acting, the for-itself defines itself and gives meaning to the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e2d\u6587:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u884c\u52a8\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5c55\u73b0\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u884c\u52a8\uff0c\u81ea\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728\u5b9a\u4e49\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u5e76\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e16\u754c\u4ee5\u610f\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">English:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Every act is a project toward the future. To act is to surpass the given, to negate what is, and to realize what is not yet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e2d\u6587:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6bcf\u4e00\u4e2a\u884c\u52a8\u90fd\u662f\u4e00\u4e2a\u9762\u5411\u672a\u6765\u7684\u8ba1\u5212\u3002\u884c\u52a8\u5c31\u662f\u8d85\u8d8a\u65e2\u6709\u7684\u72b6\u6001\uff0c\u5426\u5b9a\u5df2\u7ecf\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u4e1c\u897f\uff0c\u5b9e\u73b0\u5c1a\u672a\u5b58\u5728\u7684\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b80\u8981\u603b\u7ed3 (Summary)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u884c\u52a8 = \u81ea\u7531\u7684\u5b9e\u8df5\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u884c\u52a8\u5b9a\u4e49\u81ea\u5df1\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u9760\u9884\u8bbe\u672c\u8d28\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u884c\u52a8\u603b\u662f\u4e0e\u672a\u6765\u76f8\u5173\uff1a\u884c\u52a8 = \u5b9e\u73b0\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b2c\u4e09\u7ae0\uff1a\u5b58\u5728\u57fa\u7840 (Being)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5bf9\u7167 (Bilingual Text)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">English:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Man is nothing else but what he makes of himself. Existence precedes essence. There is no human nature, since there is no God to conceive it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e2d\u6587:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4eba\u65e0\u975e\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u6240\u5851\u9020\u7684\u6837\u5b50\u3002\u5b58\u5728\u5148\u4e8e\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u6ca1\u6709\u6240\u8c13\u201c\u4eba\u6027\u201d\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6765\u4e3a\u4eba\u8bbe\u8ba1\u5b83\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">English:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Man is freedom. But this freedom is not an attribute he possesses; it is his very being. To be human is to be condemned to be free.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e2d\u6587:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u3002\u4f46\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u5e76\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u6240\u201c\u62e5\u6709\u201d\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u6b63\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u672c\u8eab\u3002\u6210\u4e3a\u4eba\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u88ab\u5224\u5b9a\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b80\u8981\u603b\u7ed3 (Summary)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u5b58\u5728\u5148\u4e8e\u672c\u8d28\uff1a\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u9884\u8bbe\u7684\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u901a\u8fc7\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u5851\u9020\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u81ea\u7531\u5373\u5b58\u5728\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u201c\u5de5\u5177\u201d\u6216\u201c\u6027\u8d28\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u65b9\u5f0f\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8d23\u4efb\uff1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\uff0c\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u7684\u4e00\u5207\u8d1f\u8d23\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u5168\u4e66\u603b\u7ed3 (Overall Summary)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u7b2c\u4e00\u90e8\uff1a\u865a\u65e0\u7684\u95ee\u9898 \u2192 \u610f\u8bc6\u5f15\u5165\u865a\u65e0 \u2192 \u81ea\u7531\u7684\u6839\u6e90\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7b2c\u4e8c\u90e8\uff1a\u81ea\u4e3a\u5b58\u5728 \u2192 \u610f\u8bc6\u4f5c\u4e3a\u8d85\u8d8a\u6027\u7684\u5b58\u5728 \u2192 \u65f6\u95f4\u6027\u4e0e\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7b2c\u4e09\u90e8\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5b58\u5728 \u2192 \u4ed6\u4eba\u3001\u51dd\u89c6\u3001\u51b2\u7a81 \u2192 \u4eba\u9645\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u5f20\u529b\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\uff1a\u62e5\u6709\u3001\u505a\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u57fa\u7840 \u2192 \u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u62e5\u6709\u201d\u548c\u201c\u884c\u52a8\u201d\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u81ea\u5df1 \u2192 \u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u201c\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee\u7b54 (Q&amp;A)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u95ee\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8428\u7279\u8bf4\u201c\u4eba\u65e0\u975e\u5c31\u662f\u4ed6\u6240\u505a\u7684\u201d\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54 (\u4e2d\u6587)\uff1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u9884\u8bbe\u4eba\u6027\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u4eba\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u53ea\u80fd\u901a\u8fc7\u884c\u52a8\u6765\u5f62\u6210\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer (English): Because without God, there is no pre-given human nature. Man\u2019s essence is nothing but the sum of his acts.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u95ee\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u672c\u8eab\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54 (\u4e2d\u6587)\uff1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u610f\u8bc6\u603b\u662f\u5426\u5b9a\u5f53\u4e0b\u3001\u8d70\u5411\u672a\u6765\uff0c\u8fd9\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u9644\u5c5e\u54c1\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4eba\u7684\u5b9a\u4e49\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer (English): Because consciousness always negates the present and projects toward the future. This is freedom\u2019s structure. Freedom is not an attribute but the definition of man.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u95ee\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8bf4\u4eba\u201c\u88ab\u5224\u5b9a\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u201d\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54 (\u4e2d\u6587)\uff1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\u7684\u3002\u5373\u4f7f\u4e0d\u9009\u62e9\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u9009\u62e9\u7684\u4e00\u79cd\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer (English): Because freedom is unavoidable, not optional. Even refusing to choose is still a choice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u62e5\u6709\u3001\u505a\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u57fa\u7840 \u2192 \u4eba\u901a\u8fc7\u201c\u62e5\u6709\u201d\u548c\u201c\u884c\u52a8\u201d\u6765\u5b9a\u4e49\u81ea\u5df1 \u2192 \u6700\u7ec8\u7ed3\u8bba\uff1a\u201c\u4eba\u5c31\u662f\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u3002<\/p>","protected":false},"author":17897162,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"image","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_geoff_meta_description_en":"","_geoff_meta_description_zh":"","_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":true},"categories":[783694611],"tags":[35745796,1868,42058,9581],"class_list":["post-10690","post","type-post","status-publish","format-image","hentry","category-philosophy-notes","tag-35745796","tag-philosophy","tag-sartre","tag-9581","post_format-post-format-image",""],"translatepress_titles":{"en_AU":"\u300a\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u865a\u65e0\u300b\u7b2c\u56db\u90e8\uff1a\u62e5\u6709\u3001\u505a\u4e0e\u5b58\u5728\u57fa\u7840 (Having, Doing and Being)"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_likes_enabled":false,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p1ar9H-2Mq","jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10690","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17897162"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10690"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10690\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10692,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10690\/revisions\/10692"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10690"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10690"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10690"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}