{"id":10652,"date":"2025-09-03T14:38:43","date_gmt":"2025-09-03T04:38:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/?p=10652"},"modified":"2025-09-03T14:38:43","modified_gmt":"2025-09-03T04:38:43","slug":"%e3%80%8a%e5%ad%98%e5%9c%a8%e4%b8%8e%e8%99%9a%e6%97%a0%e3%80%8b%e5%ba%8f%e8%a8%80%e9%98%85%e8%af%bb%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0being-and-nothingness-introduction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/%e3%80%8a%e5%ad%98%e5%9c%a8%e4%b8%8e%e8%99%9a%e6%97%a0%e3%80%8b%e5%ba%8f%e8%a8%80%e9%98%85%e8%af%bb%e7%ac%94%e8%ae%b0being-and-nothingness-introduction\/","title":{"rendered":"\u300a\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u865a\u65e0\u300b\u5e8f\u8a00\u9605\u8bfb\u7b14\u8bb0(Being and Nothingness \u2013 Introduction)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u300a\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u865a\u65e0\u300b\u5e8f\u8a00<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(Being and Nothingness \u2013 Introduction)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5bf9\u7167 (Bilingual Text)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">English:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Existentialism is a humanism. The essential point is that existence precedes essence. What is meant by this is that man first exists, encounters himself, surges up in the world\u2014and defines himself afterwards. If man as the existentialist sees him is not definable, it is because to begin with he is nothing. He will not be anything until later, and then he will be what he makes of himself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e2d\u6587:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff1a\u5b58\u5728\u5148\u4e8e\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u4eba\u9996\u5148\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u906d\u9047\u2014\u2014\u7136\u540e\u624d\u5b9a\u4e49\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u82e5\u8bf4\u4eba\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u770b\u6765\u4e0d\u53ef\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8d77\u521d\u4ed6\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u6765\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u5982\u4f55\u5851\u9020\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u7b80\u8981\u603b\u7ed3 (Summary)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4eba\u7c7b\u65e0\u9884\u8bbe\u672c\u8d28\uff1a\u6ca1\u6709\u4e0a\u5e1d\u6216\u5916\u5728\u529b\u91cf\u4e3a\u4eba\u8bbe\u5b9a\u76ee\u7684\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u5148\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u540e\u5b9a\u4e49\uff1a\u4eba\u6d3b\u7740\u4e4b\u540e\uff0c\u624d\u901a\u8fc7\u9009\u62e9\u4e0e\u884c\u52a8\u51b3\u5b9a\u81ea\u5df1\u662f\u8c01\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u81ea\u7531\u4e0e\u8d23\u4efb\uff1a\u81ea\u7531\u4e0d\u53ef\u907f\u514d\uff0c\u800c\u8d23\u4efb\u4e5f\u65e0\u6cd5\u63a8\u5378\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u76f4\u9762\u865a\u65e0\uff1a\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u63a5\u53d7\u6ca1\u6709\u5916\u5728\u610f\u4e49\u7684\u73b0\u5b9e\uff0c\u5e76\u81ea\u6211\u521b\u9020\u4ef7\u503c\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(Humans have no predetermined essence. Existence comes first, and then one defines oneself through choices and actions. Freedom is unavoidable, and responsibility inescapable. Humans must face the nothingness of existence and create their own values.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee\u7b54 (Q&amp;A)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u95ee\uff1a\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u8428\u7279\u8bf4\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u5148\u4e8e\u672c\u8d28\u201d\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54 (\u4e2d\u6587)\uff1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u8981\u53cd\u5bf9\u4f20\u7edf\u5b97\u6559\u548c\u54f2\u5b66\u4e2d\u201c\u4eba\u6709\u5929\u751f\u76ee\u7684\u201d\u7684\u89c2\u5ff5\u3002\u4ed6\u5f3a\u8c03\u4eba\u5fc5\u987b\u901a\u8fc7\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u884c\u52a8\u5851\u9020\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer (English): Because he opposed the traditional religious or philosophical view that humans have a pre-given purpose. He stressed that humans must shape themselves through free action.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u95ee\uff1a\u5982\u679c\u4eba\u6ca1\u6709\u672c\u8d28\uff0c\u90a3\u4e48\u4eba\u7684\u4ef7\u503c\u4ece\u54ea\u91cc\u6765\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54 (\u4e2d\u6587)\uff1a\u4ef7\u503c\u6765\u81ea\u4eba\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u548c\u884c\u52a8\u3002\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u201c\u672c\u6765\u662f\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u201c\u505a\u4e86\u4ec0\u4e48\u201d\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer (English): Value comes from choices and actions. A person is not what they are \u201cborn as,\u201d but what they \u201cdo.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u95ee\uff1a\u8fd9\u79cd\u81ea\u7531\u4f1a\u8ba9\u4eba\u7126\u8651\u5417\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54 (\u4e2d\u6587)\uff1a\u4f1a\u7684\u3002\u8428\u7279\u8bf4\u4eba\u662f\u201c\u88ab\u5224\u5b9a\u4e3a\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u7684\u3002\u81ea\u7531\u610f\u5473\u7740\u6ca1\u6709\u501f\u53e3\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u8d23\u4efb\u90fd\u7531\u81ea\u5df1\u627f\u62c5\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer (English): Yes. Sartre said humans are \u201ccondemned to be free.\u201d Freedom means there are no excuses, and all responsibility falls on oneself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" \/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u6211\u7684\u7591\u95ee\uff1a\u8428\u7279\u5bf9\u4eba\u7684\u9884\u8bbe\u6761\u4ef6\u662f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7684\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u4eba\u3002\u800c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u4eba\u4e0d\u662f\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\uff0c\u4eba\u662f\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u5c5e\u6027\u7684\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u8428\u7279\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u5047\u8bbe\u662f\u4e0d\u5bf9\u7684\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u56de\u7b54\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8fd9\u662f\u5bf9\u8428\u7279\u300a\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u865a\u65e0\u300b\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u7ecf\u5178\u6279\u8bc4\u3002\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u8fd9\u6837\u6574\u7406\uff1a<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u6211\u7684\u89c2\u70b9 (Your Point)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u8428\u7279\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u5b58\u5728\u5148\u4e8e\u672c\u8d28\u201d\uff0c\u4f3c\u4e4e\u628a\u4eba\u653e\u5728\u4e00\u4e2a\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u5883\u5730\uff0c\u597d\u50cf\u6bcf\u4e2a\u4eba\u90fd\u8981\u51ed\u7a7a\u4e3a\u81ea\u5df1\u521b\u9020\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bbe\u5b9a\u5ffd\u7565\u4e86\u4eba\u5929\u751f\u5c31\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0d\u53ef\u80fd\u8131\u79bb\u5bb6\u5ead\u3001\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u800c\u5355\u72ec\u5b58\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u6211\u6279\u8bc4\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\uff1a\u8428\u7279\u5047\u8bbe\u4e86\u4e00\u4e2a\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u201c\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u4eba\u201d\uff0c\u800c\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\u4eba\u6709\u793e\u4f1a\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5fc5\u7136\u751f\u6d3b\u5728\u4e0e\u4ed6\u4eba\u7684\u4ea4\u5f80\u4e4b\u4e2d\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u56e0\u6b64\uff1a\u8428\u7279\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u51fa\u53d1\u70b9\u5b58\u5728\u7f3a\u9677\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u54f2\u5b66\u5bf9\u8bdd\u80cc\u666f (Philosophical Context)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8428\u7279\u7684\u7acb\u573a<br>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u4ed6\u53d7\u80e1\u585e\u5c14\u73b0\u8c61\u5b66\u4e0e\u6d77\u5fb7\u683c\u5c14\u5b58\u5728\u8bba\u5f71\u54cd\uff0c\u805a\u7126\u201c\u610f\u8bc6\u7684\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u4ed6\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4eba\u7684\u9996\u8981\u4e8b\u5b9e\u662f\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u201d\u2014\u2014\u4efb\u4f55\u5916\u5728\u6846\u67b6\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u66ff\u4ee3\u4e2a\u4eba\u7684\u9009\u62e9\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\/\u793e\u4f1a\u54f2\u5b66\u6279\u8bc4<br>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u4eba\u9996\u5148\u662f\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u5b58\u5728\u201d\uff0c\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u4eba\u7684\u672c\u8d28\u3002<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u8428\u7279\u7684\u201c\u81ea\u7531\u4eba\u201d\u8fc7\u4e8e\u62bd\u8c61\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u793e\u4f1a\u5386\u53f2\u6761\u4ef6\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u540e\u7eed\u5f71\u54cd<br>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u8428\u7279\u540e\u6765\u5728\u300a\u8fa9\u8bc1\u7406\u6027\u6279\u5224\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bd5\u56fe\u4fee\u6b63\u8fd9\u4e00\u95ee\u9898\uff0c\u628a\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u7ed3\u5408\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u201c\u793e\u4f1a\u5386\u53f2\u6761\u4ef6\u4e2d\u7684\u4eba\u201d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u4e2d\u82f1\u6587\u5bf9\u7167\u603b\u7ed3 (Bilingual Summary)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u4e2d\u6587\uff1a\u8428\u7279\u7684\u5047\u8bbe\u662f\u4e2a\u4f53\u4e3b\u4e49\u7684\uff0c\u5f3a\u8c03\u5b64\u7acb\u7684\u81ea\u7531\uff0c\u5374\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u4eba\u7c7b\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u3002\u4e8b\u5b9e\u4e0a\uff0c\u4eba\u4ece\u51fa\u751f\u8d77\u5c31\u5904\u5728\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u7f51\u7edc\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u8bed\u8a00\u3001\u6587\u5316\u3001\u5236\u5ea6\u90fd\u5851\u9020\u7740\u4e2a\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">English: Sartre\u2019s assumption is individualistic, emphasizing isolated freedom while ignoring the social nature of human beings. In reality, humans are born into a network of social relations, where language, culture, and institutions shape the individual.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u95ee\u7b54 (Q&amp;A)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u95ee\uff1a\u8428\u7279\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u4f1a\u88ab\u6279\u8bc4\u4e3a\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u4eba\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54 (\u4e2d\u6587)\uff1a\u56e0\u4e3a\u4ed6\u5047\u8bbe\u4eba\u662f\u5b64\u7acb\u81ea\u7531\u7684\u4e2a\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u4e0d\u662f\u793e\u4f1a\u5173\u7cfb\u7684\u4ea7\u7269\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u8bbe\u5b9a\u5ffd\u89c6\u4e86\u793e\u4f1a\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer (English): Because he assumed that humans are isolated free individuals rather than products of social relations. This assumption ignores sociality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u95ee\uff1a\u6709\u6ca1\u6709\u54f2\u5b66\u5bb6\u5f25\u8865\u4e86\u8fd9\u4e2a\u7f3a\u9677\uff1f<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u7b54 (\u4e2d\u6587)\uff1a\u9a6c\u514b\u601d\u4e3b\u4e49\u54f2\u5b66\u5f3a\u8c03\u4eba\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u800c\u8428\u7279\u672c\u4eba\u5728\u665a\u671f\u4e5f\u5c1d\u8bd5\u5c06\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u4e0e\u793e\u4f1a\u5386\u53f2\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer (English): Marxist philosophy emphasized the social nature of human beings, and Sartre himself later attempted to combine existentialism with social and historical conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u662f\u4e00\u79cd\u4eba\u672c\u4e3b\u4e49\u3002\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u89c2\u70b9\u662f\uff1a\u5b58\u5728\u5148\u4e8e\u672c\u8d28\u3002\u8fd9\u610f\u5473\u7740\uff0c\u4eba\u9996\u5148\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u51fa\u73b0\u5728\u4e16\u754c\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e0e\u81ea\u5df1\u906d\u9047\u2014\u2014\u7136\u540e\u624d\u5b9a\u4e49\u81ea\u5df1\u3002\u82e5\u8bf4\u4eba\u5728\u5b58\u5728\u4e3b\u4e49\u8005\u770b\u6765\u4e0d\u53ef\u5b9a\u4e49\uff0c\u90a3\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u8d77\u521d\u4ed6\u4ec0\u4e48\u90fd\u4e0d\u662f\u3002\u4ed6\u5c06\u6765\u4f1a\u6210\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\uff0c\u5b8c\u5168\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u4ed6\u81ea\u5df1\u5982\u4f55\u5851\u9020\u81ea\u5df1\u3002<\/p>","protected":false},"author":17897162,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"image","meta":{"_coblocks_attr":"","_coblocks_dimensions":"","_coblocks_responsive_height":"","_coblocks_accordion_ie_support":"","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":true,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_geoff_meta_description_en":"","_geoff_meta_description_zh":"","_wpcom_ai_launchpad_first_post":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":false,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[783694611],"tags":[11509,35745796,1868,42058,9581,24541065],"class_list":["post-10652","post","type-post","status-publish","format-image","hentry","category-philosophy-notes","tag-existentialism","tag-35745796","tag-philosophy","tag-sartre","tag-9581","tag-24541065","post_format-post-format-image",""],"translatepress_titles":{"en_AU":"\u300a\u5b58\u5728\u4e0e\u865a\u65e0\u300b\u5e8f\u8a00\u9605\u8bfb\u7b14\u8bb0(Being and Nothingness \u2013 Introduction)"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_likes_enabled":false,"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p1ar9H-2LO","jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10652","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17897162"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10652"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10652\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10653,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10652\/revisions\/10653"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10652"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10652"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/geoffreychen.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10652"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}