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\"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

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In the Northern Ocean there is a fish, its name is Kun. The Kun is so vast, no one knows how many thousand li it measures. It transforms into a bird; its name is Peng. The back of the Peng is also of unknown thousands of li. When it rouses itself to fly, its wings are like clouds hanging down from the sky. When this bird stirs, it sets out for the Southern Ocean. The Southern Ocean is called the Celestial Lake.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the book Qi Xie<\/em>\u2014a record of marvels\u2014it is said: \u201cWhen the Peng journeys to the Southern Ocean, it strikes the water for three thousand li, and rises upon the whirlwind ninety thousand li, going on the sixth month\u2019s wind.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Floating vapors, dust, and breath that living things exhale\u2014these are like the wild horses roaming the air. But is the blue of the sky truly its proper color? Or is it simply the farthest distance, without end? When one looks down from above, it must surely appear the same.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

If water does not accumulate to great depth, it cannot carry a large boat. Pour a cup of water into a hollow in the floor: a straw may float like a boat, but place a cup in it and it will stick fast. The water is too shallow to bear it. If the wind does not accumulate in great strength, it cannot support great wings. Therefore, at ninety thousand li, the wind lies beneath, and only then can one mount upon it, bearing the blue sky on one\u2019s back, unimpeded, and set one\u2019s course southward.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The cicada and the little dove laugh at this, saying: \u201cWe rise with a leap and come to rest among the elm and the sandalwood; sometimes we fail to reach it and must drop to the ground. Why should anyone soar ninety thousand li to go south?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

One who travels in the wilderness returns after three meals, his belly still full. One who journeys a hundred li must prepare provisions for the night. One who journeys a thousand li must store up grain for three months. What do these two small creatures know?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The knowledge of the small does not measure up to the knowledge of the great. The length of the short-lived does not compare to the long-lived. How do we know this is so? The morning mushroom does not know of dusk and dawn. The summer cicada does not know of spring and autumn. This is short life. But in the south of Chu there is a divine tree called Mingling: five hundred years is its spring, five hundred years its autumn. In ancient times there was a great tree called the Big Ch\u2019un: eight thousand years is its spring, eight thousand years its autumn. This is long life. Yet today the fame of Pengzu is still heard for his longevity. Compared with these, how pitiful!<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tang once asked Ji: \u201cNorth of Vast Hair there is the Dark Sea, the Celestial Lake. In it is a fish several thousand li in breadth, but no one knows its length; its name is Kun. There is a bird there named Peng, whose back is like Mount Tai, and whose wings are like clouds hanging from the sky. It coils itself upon the whirlwind and rises ninety thousand li, cleaving through the clouds, bearing the blue sky, and then sets its course southward, to the Celestial Lake. A little quail laughed at him, saying: \u2018Where is he going? I leap up a few spans and fall back down, fluttering among the brambles and brush. That is the utmost of flying! Where is he going?\u2019\u201d This is the distinction between great and small.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

So it is that those who understand only how to serve an office, to act in a village, to accord with a ruler, and to administer a state\u2014such men view themselves in just this way. Yet even so, Song Rongzi laughed at them. Though the whole world praised him, he was not encouraged; though the whole world condemned him, he was not disheartened. He clearly distinguished between inside and outside, between honor and disgrace. For him, the world was not worth considering. Still, he had not yet attained the highest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Liezi could ride the wind and go lightly, delightfully, for fifteen days before returning. Yet even he still depended upon something. As for one who rides the truth of Heaven and Earth, harnesses the changes of the six breaths, and wanders in the infinite\u2014what would such a one depend on? Thus it is said: the Perfect Man has no self, the Spirit Man has no merit, the Sage has no fame.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yao offered the empire to Xu You, saying: \u201cThe sun and moon shine forth, yet the firebrand still burns\u2014does that not weary the light? When the timely rains fall, yet we still irrigate\u2014does that not labor the water? You are established and the world is ordered, yet I still cling to it\u2014do I not see my own unworthiness? I beg to yield the empire to you.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Xu You replied: \u201cYou rule the world, and the world is already well ordered. If I were to replace you, would it not be for the sake of a name? But a name is the guest of the reality\u2014should I then be the guest? The wren nests deep in the forest, but occupies no more than one branch. The field mouse drinks from the river, but no more than its fill. Return, my lord, and rest! I have no use for the empire. Though the cook does not govern the kitchen, the sacrificial officer does not take the cook\u2019s place at the offering vessels.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Useless Gourd<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Huizi said to Zhuangzi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe King of Wei gave me the seeds of a great gourd. I planted them, and when it bore fruit, each one could hold five bushels. But they were too heavy and fragile to lift. If I cut them open to use as ladles, they were too wide and shallow to hold anything. Though the gourd was vast, it was useless, so I smashed it.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zhuangzi replied:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cMy friend, you are clumsy in using the great. In Song, there was a man who made a salve to keep hands from chapping. His family had made their living washing raw silk for generations. A stranger heard of it and offered a hundred gold pieces for the formula. The family gathered and said, \u2018For generations we\u2019ve earned only a few coins by washing silk. Now, in one morning, we can sell this recipe for a hundred gold pieces. Let us sell it.\u2019 The stranger obtained the formula, went to the King of Wu, and persuaded him to try it. At that time Wu was at war with Yue. The King appointed him as general. That winter they fought a naval battle; the enemy was crushed, and the man was rewarded with a fief.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The ability was the same: to keep the hands from chapping. One man used it to earn a meager living, another used it to gain a kingdom. The difference lay in how it was applied.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now you have a gourd that holds five bushels. Why not lash it together into a great vessel, float upon the rivers and lakes, and wander freely, instead of worrying that it cannot be used as a ladle? My friend, you still have weeds growing in your heart!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

The Crooked Tree<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Huizi said to Zhuangzi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI have a great tree people call the Ailanthus. Its trunk is so gnarled it will not take the line, its branches so twisted they will not take the compass or square. Stand it by the roadside, and carpenters will not even glance at it. Your words are vast but useless\u2014just like this tree, which everyone avoids.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zhuangzi replied:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cHave you never seen the wildcat or the weasel? They crouch low, watching for prey, leaping east and west, swift and nimble\u2014yet they end in the trap or the snare. But look at the great ox: its bulk is like the clouds hanging from the sky. It is capable of greatness, but cannot catch a mouse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now you have a great tree and are troubled that it is useless. Why not plant it in the land of \u2018Nothing-at-All,\u2019 in the wilds of Vastness? There you may wander beside it in ease, or lie beneath it in peace. It will never be cut down by axe or harmed by men. Useless\u2014it is precisely by its uselessness that it may complete its years. Why must you complain of its uselessness?\u201d<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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